Looking Backward by Edward Bellamy Essay -- utopia, insomia patient, go

Essay Option 2: Looking Backward: Government and power imbalance from 1887 – 2000 The vision and ideas in Bellamy’s book Looking Backward that stronger government would create a utopian society were mainly related to the power imbalance developing in the gilded age, the ideas of social theorists like Henry George, workers’ rights movements known as unions and the actions of government leaders in the 19th century. In Bellamy’s book, a major theme in Julian’s journey through the year 2000 and throughout the comparison between 1887 and 2000 is that there is a vision of strong government control over multiple aspects of life more so in the dream 2000 than had been in 1887. Many of those included jobs, education, shopping and business related commercial aspects and people’s daily lives. The most important aspects of life that the government controlled were Jobs and Education because without those, there is no society. Looking Backward is about Julian West, a thirty-year-old insomnia patient born into the 1800’s. During the 19th century, the majority of the world was impoverished and the wealthy people wanted to help but they believed that there was no way to do so without losing their wealth. Julian planned to marry his fiancà ©, Edith Bartlett when their house was built but there were many builder strikes going on at the time and the house wasn’t going to be built for another year. Decoration day was a holiday that had honored union workers and Julian celebrated this holiday with Edith’s family. Due to Julian’s insomnia, he had built a secret sleeping chamber underground to aid in proper sleep. Dr. Pillsbury put Julian to sleep every night but was offered a new job and had to leave. Julian was in such a deep sleep that night and wa... ...d age, the ideas of social theorists like Henry George, workers’ rights movements known as unions and the actions of government leaders in the 19th century. In Bellamy’s book, a major theme in Julian’s journey through the year 2000 and throughout the comparison between 1887 and 2000 is that there is a vision of strong government control over multiple aspects of life more so in the dream 2000 than had been in 1887. Many of those included jobs, education, shopping and business related commercial aspects and people’s daily lives. After looking deeper into the book, the most important and frequently mentioned aspects of life were Jobs and Education because without those, there is no ability to have a higher functioning society beyond poverty and day laborers. Works Cited 1. Edward Bellamy, Looking Backward: 2000 to 1887 2. Retrieving the American Past

#15 Synthesis of Ethyl Salicylate from Salicylic Acid

#15 Synthesis of Ethyl Salicylate from Salicylic Acid ____________________________________________________________ _______________ Purpose: Salicylic acid is converted to the liquid ethyl salicylate by addition of ethanol. Yields of salicylic acid (week 1) and ethyl salicylate will be found, as well as the overall yield of the 2-step conversion of acetyl salicylic acid to ethyl salicylate. Introduction: Esters are formed from the reaction of acids and alcohols: O O || || R-C-OH + HO-R’ > R-C-OR’ + H2O cid alcohol ester water The pleasant smelling oil of ethyl salicylate is made by reacting salicylic acid (week 1) with excess ethanol. An acid catalyst is also needed. salicylic acid (SA) ethanol ethyl salicylate (ES) The overall yield is determined from multiplying yields of the two reactions: 1. ASA + HCl(aq) >SA and 2. SA + ethanol > ES + water Apparatus The reaction takes place by refluxing (gentle boiling) in a 100-mL round bottom flask. This time the ice-cooled conde nser is essential, otherwise the ethanol reactant (b. . 79? C) would evaporate before the reaction was over. Melting points of acetyl salicylic acid and salicylic acid (dried from week 1) are taken with MelTemp devices. If you have never used one your instructor will demonstrate. MelTemp C OH O OH H OC H2CH3 H + C OH O + OCH2CH3 + H2O2 Procedure Part A: Esterification of Salicylic Acid with Ethanol 1. Before starting remove a spatulaful (that will be < 0. 1 g) of SA (salicylic acid) and place in a labeled plastic vial to use for melting points. 2. In a 100 mL round bottom flask, mix at least 5 g dry salicylic acid (0. 43 mol) with 20 mL 100% ethanol. The salicylic acid should be weighed out to two decimal places and recorded on the data sheet. The alcohol is in excess. It can be poured from a graduated cylinder, and should not be scaled down. Note: Use more salicylic acid if you have more from the first week. You should have between 7 and 8 g. Adjust amount of ethanol accordingly, s ay to 30 mL. 3. Add approximately 1/2 gram of boric acid catalyst that we use as a substitute for concentrated sulfuric acid in this particular esterification. 4. Place entire assembly on a hot plate and heat until the alcohol is boiling. A setting of around 3 on the hot plate can be tried and then adjusted up or down as needed. You may need to add more ice. Note: While the refluxing is taking place, you can work on Part B, in which the materials you have already made are characterized by taking their melting points. 5. Reflux for a minimum of 1 hour and 30 minutes or longer as time allows. Cool until the flask is no longer hot, then in an ice bath, until the mixture is at room temperature. Transfer to a clean separatory funnel. 6. Add 10 mL 2M NaOH(aq) . The mixture turns milky as approximately 2-3 mL of ester appears at once as an insoluble bottom layer. Ethyl salicylate is an oily liquid with a density of 1. 1 g/mL. Wait a few minutes until the cloudy emulsion begins to clear up. You can estimate the yield by marking the funnel and measuring an equal volume of water. Record this. You will probably get about 1/2 mL for every 1 gram of salicylic acid. 7. You should be able to recover about 1. 5 mL of the ester oil by separating the layers using a separatory funnel. Allow the bottom layer to pour into a vial. This layer contains mostly ethyl salicylate and should have a very pleasant odor, something like wintergreen. It will also include a little NaOH solution and thus will not be clear and sparkling. If you have enough liquid you can attempt the next step. 8. Dry by mixing with a small amount of anhydrous magnesium sulfate. See your instructor to get help with this. Pour off the clear ethyl salicylate. 3 Part B: Melting Points 1. Measure melting points of the dry acetyl salicylic acid and the salicylic acid using the small samples reserved for this purpose. Record on data sheet and compare with literature values. Part C: Yields 1. The 50 aspirin tablets contained 16. 25 g ASA. To estimate yields in your next 2 reactions, assume the wet ASA you used contained 12 g ASA. Then from the mass of dry salicylic acid obtained find the yield of salicylic acid. 2. Convert the volume of ethyl salycilate to grams using the density, 1. 1 g/mL. Record. Estimate yield of ethyl salicylate from salicylic acid and record, retaining just 2 significant figures. 3. Find the overall yield of the two-step process: Step 1: Acetyl salicylic acid (ASA) to salicylic acid (SA) Step 2: Salicylic acid (SA) to ethyl salicylate (ES)4 Data and Results (yield of ethyl salicylate) Name(s) ____________________________________________________________ ____ Part B: Melting Points Compound Measured Melting Point (? C) Literature Value (? C) Acetyl Salicylic Acid 134 – 135 Salicylic Acid 158 – 160 Yields: Assuming ASA (from extraction of 50 aspirin tablets) = 12 g SA (from hydrolysis of ASA) ______ g Reactant SA esterified: ______ (usually most of the amount above) Approximate volume of ethyl salicylate: _______ mL (density ES = 1. 1 g/mL) Mass ethyl salicylate ________g Maximum g SA: Maximum g ES: Enter amounts where indicated in the table below and find the yields. Reaction Reactant > Product Mass Reactant (g) Mass Product (g) Maximum Mass Product (g) Actual Yield % ( 2 sig. figures) ASA > SA 12 g ASA* g SA g SA SA > ES g SA g ES g ES *Assuming 75% extraction yeild. Overall Yield for 2 steps (product of 2 yields above) : Questions: 1. Recalculate the overall yield for a three-step process including the 75% extraction. 2. The synthesis of a new drug may require as many as 30 steps, some of which produce much less than 90% yields. Comment on this (without doing any calculations). ____________________________________________________________ _______________5 Instructor’s Guide Ethyl Salicylate Part B: Melting Points Compound Measured Melting Point (? C) Literature Value (? C) Acetyl Salicylic Acid 134 134 – 135 Salicylic Acid 159 158 – 160 Yields: Assuming ASA (from extraction of 50 aspirin tablets) = 12 g SA (from hydrolysis of ASA) 7. 3 g Reactant SA esterified: 7. 0 g (usually most of the amount above) Approximate volume of ethyl salicylate: 3. 0 mL (density ES = 1. 1 g/mL) Mass ethyl salicylate 3. 3 g Maximum g SA: 10 g ASA x 1 mol ASA x 1 mol SA x 138 g SA = 9. 2 g SA 180 g ASA 1 mol ASA 1 mol SA Maximum g ES: 7. g SA x 1 mol SA x 1 mol ES x 166 g ES = 8. 4 g ES 138 g SA 1 mol SA 1 mol ES Enter amounts where indicated in the table below and find the yields. Reaction Reactant > Product Mass Reactant (g) Mass Product (g) Maximum Mass Product (g) Actual Yield % ( 2 sig. figures) ASA > SA 12 g ASA* 9. 2 g SA 7. 3 g SA 79% SA > ES 7. 0 g SA 8. 4 g ES 3. 3 g ES 39% *Assuming 75% extraction yeild. Overall Yield for 2 steps (product of 2 yields above): 0. 79 x 0. 39 x 100 = 31% Questions: 1. Recalculate the overall yield for a three-step process including the 75% extraction. 2. The synthesis of a new drug may require as many as 30 steps, some of which produce much less than 90% yields. Comment on this (without doing any calculations). ____________________________________________________________ _______________ 1. Overall yield = 0. 75 x 0. 79 x 0. 39 x 100 = 23% 2. The yield would be very very small, making this an expensive process. 6 Instructor’s Guide Ethyl Salicylate(cont'd) Time: maximum Equipment and Materials: per group Items Number Comment stir/hot plates 1 stir bars 1 00-mL round bottom flasks 1 Weighing papers 1 pack per class Ice 50-mL graduates 1 Top loading balance 2 per class With power supply MelTemps 2 per class thermometer 2 per class For Meltemp m. p. tubes (closed) 50 per class 250-mL beakers 1 for water heating bath Microscale glass clamp 1 (yellow) ice-cooled condensers 1 Ring stand 1 Ring stand clamp 1 separatory funnels 1 boric acid 5 g per class antifungal agent spoon spatulas 1 100% ethanol 1 L per class 2 M NaOH 50 mL magnesium sulfate 10 g per class Epsom salts Safety glasses 1 per student Rubber gloves 1 box per class7 Ideas/ Information We make ethyl rather than methyl salicylate, because methanol is toxic. Under Part A. 3. Note: This experiment was designed to be done using household chemicals. Although Science in Motion can provide concentrated sulfuric acid, we have decided that it is too dangerous to handle. Under Part C. 1. Note: Repeated extractions were done in our lab. They all gave about 75% yields and about 12 g dry ASA. 2M NaOH solution could be prepared by adding solid NaOH to a volumetric flask and then diluting with distilled water to the mark on the flask. Molarity mol/L g NaOH for 1 L solution g NaOH 500 mL solution 2 80 40

The Impact of Declining Nokia Market

PRESTIGE INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT AND RESEARCH SESSION 2012-2014 Minor Research Project Synopsis â€Å"THE IMPACT OF DECLINING NOKIA MARKET † CONTENTS 1. Introduction 1. 1 Literature Review 1. 2 Objective Of The Study 2. Research Methodology 2. 1 The Study 2. 2 Sample 2. 3 Tools For Data Collection 2. 4 Tools For Data Analysis 2. References 3. Questionnaire Introduction Nokia has come a long way to evolve from a paper mill founded in 1865 to a world renowned mobile phone manufacturer and one of the most powerful brands in the world. In 1992 Nokia appointed Jorma Ollila as the new CEO and concentrated its focus on telecommunications.Throughout the 1990’s Nokia was known as a relentless innovator and a pioneer that made the world’s first satellite call among many other groundbreaking milestones. In 1998 Nokia became the world’s largest mobile phone manufacturer with a turnover of 31 billion dollars. Nokia is still the most influential company to the Finnish n ational economy, but Nokia’s effect is far from what it was in the early years of the 21st century when Nokia accounted for almost half of the economic growth in Finland and produced as much as five percent of Finland’s annual Gross Domestic Product.In 2006, Olli-Pekka Kallasvuo replaced Jorma Ollila as the CEO, but was not able to reverse the decline of Nokia’s market share especially in the high end segment, where competitors like Apple, Blackberry,HTC, Samsung, and phones using Google’s Android operating system captured market share from Nokia at an alarmingly increasing rate. At the end of year 2010 Android was already the most widespread smart phone operating system in the world and Nokia’s market share in the smart phone segment had declined from 38 to 31 percent in one year (Sokala).Literature Review The purpose of this literature review is to discuss relevant writings on how to improve marketing strategies from the branding perspective. Fir st, important terms such as brand equity and the concept of consumer-based brand equity are discussed. Secondly, the brand management process is discussed from a strategic viewpoint with the help of terms like brand revitalization and integrated marketing activity. The next part of the literature review concentrates on analyzing the marketing environment.Finally, the last section summarizes important conclusions on how the literature review relates to the company being observed, Nokia During 2012, the telecom infrastructure market saw slight growth in capital expenditures in Euro terms by global mobile operators, mainly attributable to operators in Japan, Asia Pacific and North America but it was off-set by declines in Europe, China and India, it added. Objective Of The Study The thesis has three distinct research objectives. First of all I will try to find out what is the aspired brand identity and brand image Nokia is trying to convey with its smart phone marketing.To achieve this I will conduct interviews with people who are responsible for Nokia’s brand management and marketing. The second research objective of my thesis is to find out what is the consumers’ brand perception of Nokia at the moment. To answer this question I will conduct a comprehensive smart phone brand perception survey to collect data from Finland and the United States. The last research objective of the thesis is improving Nokia’s current marketing strategies for its smart phones from a branding perspective in the countries subject to research.By comparing the results of the customer surveys with the company interviews, I can detect where the aspired brand identity of Nokia does not meet the brand perceptions of the consumers. By utilizing the existing knowledge and literature on the topic, I should be able to come up with ways to improve Nokia’s smart phone marketing in the two distinct geographical regions. Research Methodology The Study This Bachelorâ€⠄¢s Thesis is a case study with a conceptual research design since it consists of a defined research problem, clear research objectives, and exact research questions that lead to conclusions on a real-life phenomenon.The thesis includes empirical as well as descriptive elements. There are several contexts to the research, because the aim is to improve Nokia’s existing marketing strategies in different regions based on potentially differing brand perceptions prevalent in these areas. Data Collection Methods Interview Qualitative research and analysis methods were used to assess the depth interview (Appendix 1) conducted on the fourth of February, 2011, with Mr. Pekka Somerto, the Vice President of Nokia’s Brand and Marketing Portfolio Management. The interview was conducted at Nokia’s headquarters in Keilaniemi and it lasted for approximately an hour.The interview consisted of thirteen questions and the purpose was to find out about the brand identity Nokia tries to create with their marketing. The questions asked were chosen based on the literature discussed in the literature review, and with the overall goal of improving Nokia’s marketing strategies for smart phones from the branding perspective. The results of the interview not only helped in reaching the research objective, but they also provided useful ideas and additional questions for the consumer survey. Survey To find out consumers’ brand perceptions of Nokia, quantitative research and analysis methods were utilized.An online consumer survey (Appendix 2) was created with the Qualtrics-software and distributed to approximately 400 people in Finland and the United States through e-mail and social media networks. Data Analysis The data analysis of the survey results started with a general analysis of the averages and apparent trends. It was followed by the identification of significant regional differences between the responses with the help of cross tabulations. QUESTIO NNAIRE Smart Phone Brand Perception Survey REFERENCES Arnould, Eric, Linda Price, and George Zinkhan. Consumers. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin,2004.Print. Barrett, Larry. â€Å"Palm, Nokia Smartphone Users Most Likely to Switch: Survey. † Enterprise Mobile Today. Internet. com, 19 Jan. 2011. Web. 24 Apr. 2011. . Best Global Brands Ranking for 2010. Interbrand, n. d. Web. 24 Apr. 2011. . Business Source Complete. Web. 14 Apr. 2011. . Christodoulides, George, and Leslie De Chernatony. â€Å"Consumer-based brand equity conceptualization and measurement. † International Journal of Market Research 52. 1 (2010): 43-66. EBSCO Business Source Complete. Web. 13 Apr. 2011. . Drobis, David R. â€Å"Integrated Marketing Communications Redefined. † Journal of Integrated The Impact of Declining Nokia Market PRESTIGE INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT AND RESEARCH SESSION 2012-2014 Minor Research Project Synopsis â€Å"THE IMPACT OF DECLINING NOKIA MARKET † CONTENTS 1. Introduction 1. 1 Literature Review 1. 2 Objective Of The Study 2. Research Methodology 2. 1 The Study 2. 2 Sample 2. 3 Tools For Data Collection 2. 4 Tools For Data Analysis 2. References 3. Questionnaire Introduction Nokia has come a long way to evolve from a paper mill founded in 1865 to a world renowned mobile phone manufacturer and one of the most powerful brands in the world. In 1992 Nokia appointed Jorma Ollila as the new CEO and concentrated its focus on telecommunications.Throughout the 1990’s Nokia was known as a relentless innovator and a pioneer that made the world’s first satellite call among many other groundbreaking milestones. In 1998 Nokia became the world’s largest mobile phone manufacturer with a turnover of 31 billion dollars. Nokia is still the most influential company to the Finnish n ational economy, but Nokia’s effect is far from what it was in the early years of the 21st century when Nokia accounted for almost half of the economic growth in Finland and produced as much as five percent of Finland’s annual Gross Domestic Product.In 2006, Olli-Pekka Kallasvuo replaced Jorma Ollila as the CEO, but was not able to reverse the decline of Nokia’s market share especially in the high end segment, where competitors like Apple, Blackberry,HTC, Samsung, and phones using Google’s Android operating system captured market share from Nokia at an alarmingly increasing rate. At the end of year 2010 Android was already the most widespread smart phone operating system in the world and Nokia’s market share in the smart phone segment had declined from 38 to 31 percent in one year (Sokala).Literature Review The purpose of this literature review is to discuss relevant writings on how to improve marketing strategies from the branding perspective. Fir st, important terms such as brand equity and the concept of consumer-based brand equity are discussed. Secondly, the brand management process is discussed from a strategic viewpoint with the help of terms like brand revitalization and integrated marketing activity. The next part of the literature review concentrates on analyzing the marketing environment.Finally, the last section summarizes important conclusions on how the literature review relates to the company being observed, Nokia During 2012, the telecom infrastructure market saw slight growth in capital expenditures in Euro terms by global mobile operators, mainly attributable to operators in Japan, Asia Pacific and North America but it was off-set by declines in Europe, China and India, it added. Objective Of The Study The thesis has three distinct research objectives. First of all I will try to find out what is the aspired brand identity and brand image Nokia is trying to convey with its smart phone marketing.To achieve this I will conduct interviews with people who are responsible for Nokia’s brand management and marketing. The second research objective of my thesis is to find out what is the consumers’ brand perception of Nokia at the moment. To answer this question I will conduct a comprehensive smart phone brand perception survey to collect data from Finland and the United States. The last research objective of the thesis is improving Nokia’s current marketing strategies for its smart phones from a branding perspective in the countries subject to research.By comparing the results of the customer surveys with the company interviews, I can detect where the aspired brand identity of Nokia does not meet the brand perceptions of the consumers. By utilizing the existing knowledge and literature on the topic, I should be able to come up with ways to improve Nokia’s smart phone marketing in the two distinct geographical regions. Research Methodology The Study This Bachelorâ€⠄¢s Thesis is a case study with a conceptual research design since it consists of a defined research problem, clear research objectives, and exact research questions that lead to conclusions on a real-life phenomenon.The thesis includes empirical as well as descriptive elements. There are several contexts to the research, because the aim is to improve Nokia’s existing marketing strategies in different regions based on potentially differing brand perceptions prevalent in these areas. Data Collection Methods Interview Qualitative research and analysis methods were used to assess the depth interview (Appendix 1) conducted on the fourth of February, 2011, with Mr. Pekka Somerto, the Vice President of Nokia’s Brand and Marketing Portfolio Management. The interview was conducted at Nokia’s headquarters in Keilaniemi and it lasted for approximately an hour.The interview consisted of thirteen questions and the purpose was to find out about the brand identity Nokia tries to create with their marketing. The questions asked were chosen based on the literature discussed in the literature review, and with the overall goal of improving Nokia’s marketing strategies for smart phones from the branding perspective. The results of the interview not only helped in reaching the research objective, but they also provided useful ideas and additional questions for the consumer survey. Survey To find out consumers’ brand perceptions of Nokia, quantitative research and analysis methods were utilized.An online consumer survey (Appendix 2) was created with the Qualtrics-software and distributed to approximately 400 people in Finland and the United States through e-mail and social media networks. Data Analysis The data analysis of the survey results started with a general analysis of the averages and apparent trends. It was followed by the identification of significant regional differences between the responses with the help of cross tabulations. QUESTIO NNAIRE Smart Phone Brand Perception Survey REFERENCES Arnould, Eric, Linda Price, and George Zinkhan. Consumers. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin,2004.Print. Barrett, Larry. â€Å"Palm, Nokia Smartphone Users Most Likely to Switch: Survey. † Enterprise Mobile Today. Internet. com, 19 Jan. 2011. Web. 24 Apr. 2011. . Best Global Brands Ranking for 2010. Interbrand, n. d. Web. 24 Apr. 2011. . Business Source Complete. Web. 14 Apr. 2011. . Christodoulides, George, and Leslie De Chernatony. â€Å"Consumer-based brand equity conceptualization and measurement. † International Journal of Market Research 52. 1 (2010): 43-66. EBSCO Business Source Complete. Web. 13 Apr. 2011. . Drobis, David R. â€Å"Integrated Marketing Communications Redefined. † Journal of Integrated

Personal Hygiene Essay

Sanitation is the hygienic means of promoting health through prevention of human contact with the hazards of wastes as well as the treatment and proper disposal of sewage wastewater. Hazards can be either physical, microbiological, biological or chemical agents of disease. Wastes that can cause health problems include human and animal feces, solid wastes, domestic wastewater (sewage, sullage, greywater), industrial wastes and agricultural wastes. Hygienic means of prevention can be by using engineering solutions (e.g. sewage and wastewater treatment), simple technologies (e.g. latrines, septic tanks), or even by personal hygiene practices (e.g. simple handwashing with soap). The World Health Organization states that: â€Å"Sanitation generally refers to the provision of facilities and services for the safe disposal of human urine and feces. Inadequate sanitation is a major cause of disease world-wide and improving sanitation is known to have a significant beneficial impact on health both in households and across communities. The word ‘sanitation’ also refers to the maintenance of hygienic conditions, through services such as garbage collection and wastewater disposal.[1] The term sanitation is applied to a wide range of subjects such as: Improved sanitation – refers to the management of human faeces at the household level. This terminology is the indicator used to describe the target of theMillennium Development Goal on sanitation, by the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation. On-site sanitation – the collection and treatment of waste is done where it is deposited. Examples are the use of pit latrines, septic tanks, and Imhoff tanks. Food sanitation – refers to the hygienic measures for ensuring food safety Environmental sanitation – the control of environmental factors that form links in disease transmission. Subsets of this category are solid waste management, water and wastewater treatment, industrial waste treatment and noise and pollution control. Ecological sanitation – an approach that tries to emulate nature through the recycling of nutrients and water from human and animal wastes in a hygienically safe manner san ·i ·ta ·tion  noun ËÅ'sa-nÉ™-ˈtÄ -shÉ™n: the process of keeping places free from dirt, infection, disease, etc., by removing waste, trash and garbage, by cleaning streets, etc. Health Impacts of Sanitation[edit] For any social and economic development, adequate sanitation in conjunction with good hygiene and safe water are essential to good health (Mara, Lane and Scott and Trouba 1). Lack of proper sanitation causes diseases. Most of the diseases resulting from sanitation have a direct relation to poverty. The lack of clean water and poor sanitation has caused many diseases and the spread of diseases. Sanitation is very important in order to keep good health.One of the most significant diseases that arise from poor sanitation is diarrhea. Deaths resulting from diarrhea are estimated to be between 1.6 and 2.5 million deaths every year (Mara, Lane and Scott and Trouba 2). Most of the affected are young children below the ages of five. Other diseases that are caused by poor sanitation include schistosomiasis, trachoma, and soil transmitted Helminthiases. Poor sanitation accounts for almost 50 percent of underweight child since it has a direct link to diarrhea. Children suffering for diarrhea are more vulnerable to become underweight. According to Mara, Lane, and Scott and Trouba (3), about 26 percent acute respiratory infections occur in children who are malnourished, which has a direct link to diarrhea. Sanitation is a serious issue that is affecting most parts of the world especially the developing countries. On a global scale, the most affected are children who in most cases lose their lives due to diseases caused by poor sanitation. Major initiatives need to be set up if the MDG goal on sanitation is to be achieved by 2015. †¢ WHAT IS SANITATION? †¢ Sanitation literally means measures necessary for improving and protecting health and well being of the people. Sanitation is any system that promotes proper disposal of human and animal wastes, proper use of toilet and avoiding open space defaecation. †¢ WHAT IS DEFAECATION? †¢ It is the practice of passing out excreta †¢ WHAT IS OPEN DEFAECATION? †¢ It is the practice of passing out excreta in open field and indiscriminately. This excreta often finds it way into sources of drinking water and food and may lead to disease. A drop can kill: One gram of excreta can contain; 10,000,000 viruses 1,000,000 bacteria 1,000 parasites cysts 100 parasite eggs ÂÆ' WHY SHOULD I STOP OPEN DEFAECATION? †¢ To prevent the spread of excreta-related diseases such as typhoid, cholera, diarrhoea and dysentery. †¢ WHY MUST I USE THE LATRINE ALWAYS? †¢ To prevent the spread of excreta related diseases †¢ WHY IS 2008 DECLARED THE INTERNATIONAL YEAR FOR   SANITATION? †¢ Sanitation has been neglected for a long time. This has contributed to high levels of sickness and death especially among infants and children. More investment is required in hygiene and sanitation. †¢ CAN POOR PEOPLE AFFORD TO BUILD SAFE LATRINES? †¢ Yes, poor people can build latrines using locally available materials WHAT ARE THE SAFE SOURCES OF WATER? †¢ Protected springs and boreholes, treated pipe borne water and protected hand dug wells †¢ WHY SHOULD I DRINK WATER FROM SAFE SOURCES ONLY? †¢ To prevent diseases like guinea worm, cholera, diarrhoea, typhoid and to remain healthy. †¢ WHY MUST WE LIVE IN A CLEAN AND HEALTHY ENVIRONMENT? †¢ To prevent hygiene and sanitation related diseases and enjoy good health. ÂÆ' HOW CAN WE ENSURE A CLEAN AND HEALTHY ENVIRONMENT? †¢ Undertake individual and collective actions by sweeping, cleaning, clearing drainages, proper disposal of human and animal wastes, proper use of toilet and avoiding open space defaecation Personal hygiene Summary Good personal hygiene is one of the most effective ways to protect ourselves, and others, from illness. This means washing your hands, especially, but also your body. Good habits can help control body odour and bad breath. One of the most effective ways we have to protect ourselves and others from illness is good personal hygiene. This means washing your hands, especially, but also your body. It means being careful not to cough or sneeze on others, cleaning things that you touch if you are unwell, putting items such as tissues (that may have germs) into a bin, and using protection (like gloves or condoms) when you might be at risk of catching an infection. Personal hygiene, such as bathing, is very much dependent on the culture in which you live. In some cultures, it is expected that you will wash your body at least every day and use deodorants to stop body smells. Other cultures have different expectations. Body odour Body smells are caused by a number of factors working in combination, including: Chemicals in sweat, including pheromones, which are made by the body and sexually attract (or repel) other people. Wastes excreted through the skin, such as metabolised alcohol. The actions of bacteria that live on the skin and feed on dead skin cells and sweat. Unwashed clothes, such as underwear and socks. Hand washing Most infections, especially colds and gastroenteritis, are caught when we put our unwashed hands, which have germs on them, to our mouth. Some infections are caught when other people’s dirty hands touch the food we eat. Hands and wrists should be washed with clean soap and water, using a brush if your fingernails are dirty. Dry your hands with something clean, such as paper towels or hot air dryers. You should always wash your hands: After using the toilet Before making or eating food After handling dogs or other animals If you have been around someone who is coughing or has a cold. Personal hygiene for women The vagina is able to clean itself no special care is needed, other than washing the external genitals. Do not put anything like douches into the vagina, as the delicate skin can be damaged. Here are some personal hygiene suggestions for women: Menstruation – wash your body, including your genital area, in the same way as you always do. Change tampons and sanitary napkins regularly, at least four to five times a day. Always wash your hands before and after handling a tampon or pad. Cystitis – is an infection of the bladder. This is a common condition for sexually active young women. Urinating after sexual intercourse can help to flush out any bacteria that may be in the urethra and bladder. Thrush – some soaps and detergents can irritate the skin of the vagina, and make thrush infections more likely. Some people find that they often get thrush when they use antibiotics. Use mild soap and unperfumed toilet paper. Avoid tight, synthetic underwear. Try cotton underw ear, and change regularly. There is medical treatment for thrush, so talk to your doctor or pharmacist. Personal hygiene for men A build-up of secretions called smegma can form under the foreskin of uncircumcised men. If you are uncircumcised, gently pull back the foreskin when you have a shower and clean with water. You can use soap if you like, but make sure you rinse it off well. Bad breath Good dental hygiene includes regular brushing and flossing. Bad breath can be caused by diseases of the teeth, gums and mouth, such as infections. Most people have bad breath first thing in the morning because saliva is not made while you’re asleep. Some foods that can cause bad breath include garlic and onion. Mouth washes, mouth sprays and flavoured chewing gum can make your breath smell better for a while, but if you have a health problem in your mouth, you need to see your dentist. Travelling hygiene When travelling overseas, take special care if you’re not sure whether the water is safe. Suggestions include: Drink only bottled water. Don’t use tap water to clean your teeth. When you wash your hands, make sure they are totally dry before you touch any food. Don’t wash fruit or vegetables in unsafe water. If you have no other water source, make sure the water is boiled before you drink it by holding it at a rolling boil for one minute. Make sure any dishes, cups or other utensils are totally dry after they are washed. Where to get help Your doctor Dentist. Things to remember Good personal hygiene is one of the most effective ways to protect ourselves and others from many illnesses, such as gastroenteritis. Wash your hands regularly, especially before preparing or eating food and after going to the toilet. QUIZ BEE! 1. refers to the maintenance of healthy and hygienic conditions, free from disease-causing organisms? Answer: SANITATION 2. it is very important to ensure the __________ of the guest because it is our duty to serve them and make them satisfied of our work? Answer: HEALTH 3. it means free from disease-causing organism and other harmful contaminants which are often not visible to the eyes? Ans: SANITARY 4. it should be properly covered, so that the bacteria wont lay on it to prevent a deseases to a certain costumer? Ans: GLASSES AND WATERJUG 5. it is the most effective ways to protect ourselves and others from illness? Ans: GOOD PERSONAL HYGIENE OR PERSONAL HYGIENE 6. what do you call to the organization that focuses on health of every individual? Ans: WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION 7. Area should be protected from _________________, regularly fumigated to  eliminate pests? Ans: PEST INFESTATION 8. Housekeepers are advised to protect themselves from contamination by wearing and using the _____________? Ans: PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENTS Or PPE.

(ONLINE CLASSES ARE NOT A GOOD IDEA) Annotated Bibliography

(ONLINE CLASSES ARE NOT A GOOD IDEA) - Annotated Bibliography Example They gave recommendations on supporting the ease and speed of use of CMS, and how it can support diverse teaching needs and goals of end users. These authors are credible sources, because Ioannou is a doctoral student in the educational technology program in the Department of Educational Psychology at the University of Connecticut, while Hannafin is an associate professor in the Department of Educational Psychology at the University of Connecticut. They have worked on similar studies on technology enhanced learning environments and technology integration. The intended audiences are: school information technology or information systems manager or director and end users of CMS. The main limitation of the article is that it did not conduct any empirical research on a specific CMS to determine its strengths and limitations. It depends on existing studies to argue and support its preference for client-based CMS too. I plan to use this paper to explain existing CMS uses and limitations. Th is article can also help provide recommendations on CMS development. (251 words). Ramage, T.R. (2005). A system-level comparison of cost-efficiency and return on investment related to online course delivery. Dr. Thomas R. Ramage Publications. Paper 2. Retrieved from http://spark.parkland.edu/ramage_pubs/2/ Ramage (2005) compared the costs and revenues of Illinois community colleges and their online delivery systems, in order to examine their cost-efficiency and to contrast the outcomes among online courses at chosen community colleges. Findings showed that online programs at 83% of the community colleges were not cost efficient and did not give a positive return on investment. Apparently, online courses are not cost-efficient, since only two of the 12 participating colleges were determined to be cost efficient. The mean return on investment was negative at –15%. Cost per student credit also varied, which indicated that diverse factors influence the costs and

Effect on British Business for Joining Euro Zone Essay

Effect on British Business for Joining Euro Zone - Essay Example Labour Productivity: The output per worker is the ratio of total output and total employment and the unit labour cost is total labour costs-to-output. The output per worker has remained unchanged in the last two quarters but unit labour costs have increased by 0.3% in the last two quarters (ONS, 2011, p.8). Labour Disputes: These are associated with the strikes with respect to the terms and conditions related to employment. During the last 12 months before October 2011, there were 417,000 lost working days from 135 strikes (ONS, 2011, p.9). Unemployment: This measures the unemployed people who are actively seeking work and ready to join work immediately. The unemployment rate was up 40 basis points from previous year leading to 8.3% unemployment rate. The unemployed youth formed 22% of economically active population. As per the international guidelines, people in full-time education are unemployed if they are looking for jobs since last four weeks (ONS, 2011, p.11). It can be seen th at the public sector cutting of jobs has worsened the employment situation in Britain. The Conservative Party seeks to bring down the deficit to maintain the record low interest rates and avoid situations faced by Greece, Spain and Portugal (Politics.co.uk, 2011). Some people view the reasons for unemployment especially youth unemployment is because of too much reliance on unemployment benefits provided by the government and unwillingness to accept the jobs offered whereas the corporate sector believes the burden of red tape, taxes and minimum wages have tied up their businesses and prevented them from hiring more people (Palmer, 2011). Measures for Reducing the Unemployment There are three types of... Based on this research, the British economy has been affected at first due to joining the Euro Zone as the government has to cop up with the new policies of the regulatory body which make the laws for the Euro Zone. The British government has to incur certain costs for adopting with the new policies, for educate the people so that they can cop up with the new currency and new policies. Though the government had to face some initial costs but the economy are benefited from a long term view. The businessman of UK would get the new opportunity for enhance their business in the other Euro Zone countries. As the currency of 17 countries is same the transaction cost of the business has got lower. The interest rates of the country’s central banks getting lower, the mortgage also get down. Along with this the credibility of the Euro currency is improving as the same currency is used by 17 countries. The currency is not fluctuating as the previous so the investor doesn’t have to hedge their investment. The opportunity for the business owners is that they have access for a larger base of customers as well as they can utilize the larger workforce available to them. The British small and medium companies will have the opportunity to get the foreign funds as the transaction costs are not as high in the Euro Zone as there is the same currency operating in every country. The UK business owners can also have the ideas and the technologies which can enhance the revenue and subsequently profit of the company and thus the gross domestic product of the country can be improved.

NETWORK ASSIGNMENT ABOUT 802.1D Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

NETWORK ABOUT 802.1D - Assignment Example The bridged MAC functions beneath the service boundary of the MAC, as it is visible to operational protocols after the boundary i.e. logical link control that is considered to be a partial layer or network layer (2). The existence of more than one MAC bridges will make a difference in Quality of Service (QoS) that is provisioned by the sub layer of MAC, as these configurations for operation of the MAC Bridge are not fully visible (4). Likewise, a local area network that is set to a bridged mode will provide (3): The end users or the end systems receiving MAC service are connected to a bridged local area network that is in a connection less mode (5). The MAC service is mentioned in the ISO 15802-1 standard, as it is considered to be an abstraction for the number of services and functionalities for a number of precise MAC services. Likewise, it labels the exchange of users from source to destination from MA-UNITDATA requests and at the same time corresponds with MA-UNITDATA for indicating primitives that are assigned from the MAC wireless access points. Every request pertaining to MA-UNITDATA and indicating primitives incorporates four parameters i.e. source address, destination address, Priority and MAC service data unit (MSDU). For enhancing the MAC service availability for the end users along with the management of network support, MAC bridges need the following configuration (5): A bridge is not accessible directly from communicating end users excluding end station that is utilized for management, as frames that are exchanged to the end users are tagged with the MAC address associated with peers along with address field of the destination, as MAC address of the bridge is not tagged. The Information that is filtered cannot be altered or customized by utilizing this technique. In order to avoid unauthorized access into network the connection will contradict service and abandon the provided