Corporate Social Responsibility Reports Essay

For so long, businesses tend to overlook the repercussions of their actions. They are so focused at maximizing the potential profits and minimizing the costs that the negative environmental, economic and social impacts of their operations are not considered. Nowadays, in an era wherein citizens are looking at the morals of companies, CSR or corporate social responsibility initiatives are the new trend regarding business ethics. Companies set up foundations and the like to create and implement CSR programs to show that they are also concerned about our society and the world that we live in. The reports on corporate social responsibility by Hewlett Packard and Toshiba are the ones that are going to be looked at in this paper. Both reports are remarkable but I am more impressed with Toshiba’s report. HP’s report has provided an easier way of understanding and locating the key and relevant information needed than Toshiba’s report but Toshiba has provided greater amount of details in the firm’s initiatives and the issues are covered more effectively than HP’s. The reports have shown a great deal of presenting their performance on issues relating to the environment, economy, and society as specific details of their programs towards these areas are also shown in the report allowing an assessment of these. I trust the reports of these two companies because it would be unethical to make fraudulent claims on ethical reports. It would be a big backlash on the company’s integrity and honesty. The report of HP has not presented details as to whether it is audited but independent parties or not. On the other hand, Toshiba’s report is audited by Shinnihon Integrity Assurance Inc. (SIAI) as to the compliance of the report to fundamental provisions of AA 1000 relating to the firm’s accountability to its stakeholders and if the report is put together based on the GRI Guidelines requirement. (www. corporateregister. com). Toshiba also presented the eco-efficiency report done by Shin Nihon Environmental Management and Quality Research Institute Co. , Ltd. so that an impartial and reliable report is assured (www.  corporateregister. com). International standards and codes are becoming more popular nowadays due to their CSR nature. These standards are aimed at promoting environmentally and socially aware companies the guidelines presented in them. Toshiba has received certification for ISO 9000 and 14000-series. Currently, they are working into adopting the ISO 9001 or the certification on quality management system and implementing the ISO 14001 or the certification on environmental management system (www. corporateregister. com). They have been guided by the principles of the UN Global Impact and the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) guidelines, and have consistently been included in the Dow Jones Sustainability Indexes (DJSI) which is geared towards socially accountable investing (www. corporateregister. com). On the other hand, HP has implemented the standards from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OEDC) Guidelines which are aimed at protecting the confidentiality and transfer of personal information from customer and employees as these are increasingly becoming a problem in the information technology industry (www. hp. com). They have also been guided by the principles of the UN Global Impact (www. hp. com). The initiatives are consistent with the core competencies of the firms because they are not just geared towards external works such as donations etc. They also focused on the internal aspects of their company like requiring their suppliers to adhere to CSR programs or that they use a system wherein they would be able to collect and recycle their used products from customers. These would give them an upper hand than their competitors who are not implementing CSR internally. These also became consistent with the company’s core values because of its orientation at improving the standards and code of conduct with the firm’s premises. Applying CSR internally in the company’s operation is a remarkable thing. This is because it bears cost that could mean a decrease in the firm’s profits than is expected. Whereas if the company would just donate, the amount of money that they will give is already fixed. For example, $10 million is allotted to the recycling program of the company but due to unforeseen events like unexpected cost for implementing the program it bloated to $100 million. Whereas if they had just donated the $10 million, they would not have incurred additional cost and their operation not jeopardized. I would say that HP should include the international standards certifications and benchmarks that their company has on their CSR report. They should also get a third party point of view with regards to the auditing of their report to show the transparency in their report. As for Toshiba, I would say that they should not clutter too much information to their CSR report. They should only include those that are relevant to which is related to the CSR initiatives of the company. They should also get more independent auditing. Although they have third party perspectives for their AA 1000 and their eco-efficiency, there are still other international standards or benchmark claims in the report that needs to be audited and certified true by pertinent authority.

The Relationship Between Incarnation and Creation

Incarnation and creation are some of the most discussed subjects in the field of theology and religion. This is a subject area in which God as a source of inspiration, man, and the world the actual nature of the relationship exists between different theologies. Meanwhile creation comes in the mind when we think of the old earth and the new earth. Old earth in a sense states that God created it and then filled it with animals and plants. Meanwhile, the new earth is all about the new creation when Jesus became incarnate because of our relationship with God.In this essay, the intention is to try and find out how incarnation is related to creation in the biblical doctrines. What really is the incarnation and how does it come out clearly from the biblical point of view. What is creation which we see in the opening books of the bible and how is it related to the birth of Jesus Christ. This paper is bound to define the terms appropriately while looking at the relationship between incarnatio n and creation. Books in focus will be by T. F. Torrance who based his research on Christian theology.According to Gunther Pratz in his paper the relationship between incarnation and atonement in the theology, Thomas Torrance believed that Niceno-constantinople creed with its central place accorded to Jesus Christ seemed to be the prime and most valid starting point for discussion in Christology [1]. The Greek patristic theology will be our concern in this paper. The word incarnation was adopted during the 12th century from the Norman-French, which in turn had taken the word over from the Latin ‘incarnatio’ [2].This word ‘incarnatio’ corresponds to the Greek sarkosis or ensarkosis from the gospel according to John 1:14 and the word was made flesh. Surely this mystery lies beyond human investigation and are believed on the strength of God’s word. The word was in place and the word became man is the biblical mystery which the gospel according John expl ains vividly. Torrance seems to share the view as the Greek Fathers and their non-dualistic theology in which incarnation and atonement are very inseparable. Christ is the beginning ‘The Alpha’, ‘The first’.His person is itself the source of creation. Just as the word as indicated in the Gospel according to John that the word became flesh, it is indeed true that Jesus is eternally other from the Father and the foundation for all else that is other than Him. The bible in Genesis does talk about God in plural meaning He the triune God existed before, during creation and after creation and hence the incarnation. God simply uses the word WE without telling it openly of who he is with at the time of creation.But when finally He becomes flesh, then it becomes truth that He was and his word has become flesh. It is therefore true to say that Christ is nature and forever from the Father in the spirit. This shows that the spreading of goodness of the triune God, whos e being is outwardly curled. God became flesh simply because he wanted to reveal himself to the sinful nature of man. He wanted man to realize that he was the truth to believe in at all times in-order to be saved.The incarnated God who is the son would be the mediator between God and men, the man being Christ Jesus who gave himself to liberate man from sin and to renew the broken relationship of man with God. Karl Barth writes, â€Å"If we understand eternity as pre-time – and we must understand in this way too – we have to recognize that eternity itself bears the name Jesus Christ. † [3] Torrance believes that this relational coherence and oneness of the Father and the Son in the Spirit of God as fundamental to knowing God for who He truly is [4].He writes in The Trinitarian Faith, ‘Thus, they (the Nicene fathers) rejected any idea that the Son is from a being other than God, or that he is Son of God only through partaking of God, and stated quite definit ely and unambiguously that the Son is of the very being of God and is God in precisely the same sense in which the Father is God, for he is uniquely and completely one with him [5]. While looking at this issue, I noticed that Athanasius also believed in the incarnation. He looks at it from the point of the creeds which drew much attention in the early years of the world.Torrance points out with Athanasius that this shows a dual movement from God to humanity and from humanity to God which is concerned in the mediation of Christ Jesus. The gospel is very clear that Christ is really God having become human like. Jesus Christ is God’s act which is God acting personally and immediately as man through him and thus at once in a celestial and in person manner. Torrance goes on to say that even though Jesus comes as human being, he does not indeed combine the two realities of being divine and at the same time being human.But he admits that we must rather think of Christ as God coming to us as human. It is therefore true to say that God the creator has come to His own creation as one of the creatures he has made but at the same time remains the creator, the creating and underneath force behind everything. Yet I wish to make it clear that even though he came down as one of the creatures, he never stopped being divine. Because of whom Jesus is and what He mediates is one and the same, we must be aware that He is not just an agent of that mediation to us but is the mediator of a divine revelation and reunion.He is in his own personal identity and reality. It is because of this that the gospel witnesses to us that Jesus Christ does not just come to us by bearing the word of God but as being the word of God. Torrance believes that if we agree to separate the Person and the word or work of Christ Jesus, our way of appreciating the gospel will diminish and finally break down at the end. I have taken the pain of exploring what incarnation could be before taking the issue s about creation which would actually be the beginning of my paper.This I did because I believe that incarnation is the core of Christian beliefs and the center of many discussions. Torrance who follows the lead of Athanasius, understands the atoning redemption to happen within the meditorial life and Person of the incarnate Christ Jesus. Athanasius believes that Jesus Christ came to save the whole human being, body and soul including human affections and mind, that Jesus Christ, the incarnate son of God, came to redeem by becoming fully human being himself which in the end effected our salvation in and through the very humanity he appropriated from us.So God becoming human being was for a reason that the broken relationship be once again be mended. He has made our sin and death his own that we may partake of his divine life and righteousness. However it is true to say that if everything He did including appropriating from us our body and soul making them his own were incomplete and inferior, then everything that Christ did by offering himself as a sacrifice for our sake would be meaningless.â€Å"We can see that, like the Greek Fathers, Torrance closely links the personal and the ontological in his account of the incarnational redemption. † By making himself one with us and through the incarnation, Jesus Christ did not just correct our human nature to himself but indeed took our lost state which is headed for conviction and death. His main intention was to take our place of sin and substitute it by discharging our debts and also by presenting Himself in atoning sacrifice to God for us.He hence crushed the power of sin and its strongholds in death and redeemed man from its control. Torrance in his on conviction and the convictions of the Greek fathers insisted that incarnation and atonement have to be thought together in terms of their intrinsic coherence in the divine-human Person of the mediator. May I now turn to the discussion on creation which is s uperbly the basis of our being here on earth. Without creation, we cannot discuss incarnation and without incarnation we may not have power to discuss atonement that I have touched on shallowly.Creation is hence not a floating reality which has no ground but something beginning in the son, crafted by Him, joins together in Him and headed towards Him as His inheritance. While God’s being reaches out towards the other which is simultaneously a being that draws the other in bonds of love. Some theories about the making of the universe and the creation of all things have emerged over the years. For example some people say that all things were self-originated and disorganized. Among the people are Epicureans who deny that there was a mind behind all this.This is very opposite to all experiences which may include their existence. For if everything came the way they say, then everything would be in one form and without distinction. Others take the view of Plato who said that God mad e everything out of pre-existence and uncreated matter, just as carpenter makes things only out of wood that already exists. The Gnostics simply closed their eyes to the obvious meaning of scripture. An example is when God reminded the Jews of the statement in Genesis, â€Å"He who created them in the beginning made male and female and because of that they should leave their parents and cleave to one another.Gen. 2:23ff. What therefore God has put together let no man separate. The gospel according to St. John says that â€Å"All things became by Him and without Him came nothing into being. † How then can the artificer be different other than the Father of Christ? There is need to understand that by faith the world s were framed by the word of God so that the things we see did not come into being out of things that had previously appeared . Creation being the genesis of everything on earth gives the opening connotation that everything begun from then.The way of life and how m an was given the power of dominion over all the creatures of the earth is the source of our base of argument. Biblical creation in Genesis, tells us how God did his things. One would ask if it is true that the six days of creation was the normal counting days we believe in today. But the Bible is very straight in stating to us that God’s time is not our time. The bible may have meant that one thousand years represented one day. Creation in the book of Genesis can be hence being termed as both physical and spiritual.The relationship between incarnation and creation comes in place on several occasions. They are closely intertwined and cannot be separated easily. Incarnation is the new creation when God becomes incarnate. The word becomes flesh and so a new beginning for the walk of life. God comes in flesh to die for the sins of the world and hence making the way for new creation. Incarnation opens the doors to the new creation which is the formation of the Kingdom of God. Man becomes a child of God when he surrenders to follow Christ in His fullness.God fulfills his new covenant with man by becoming incarnate to redeem man from the bondage of sin. The old covenant was with Abraham when He called him to go to the land of promise. This does not end here but brings clearly what God wanted us to go through when He brings out the Israelites from slavery in Egypt through Moses. But this does end here; the presence of Jesus Christ is felt even at the time of Babylon’s opposition to God. The presence of God in every walk of life right from the beginning brings a clear understanding of I AM sayings in the New Testament.When we are face to face with Jesus Christ when reading the bible, we are actually face to face with God. This means that the triune God or the trinity of God is the basis on which the Christian faith is embedded upon. The I AM sayings from the gospel according is the authority God asserts when He speaks to us to show us that He is in Jesus Christ and in Christ He lives and dwells. These sayings are as a result of His need that we know vividly about his coming and how He lived in our midst. The story does not end here but gives an account of how he died ad later resurrected.Whilst it is true to say that this sayings were mystery, they were indeed the truth that God is Who He was and Who HE is now and forever. The incarnation makes it clear that He is indeed Lord of Lords. John McKenna says â€Å"The eternity of the world and the temporal nature of our kind at the center of the cosmos was an enigma to be resolved by learning to cavort with the heavenly and changeless forms, by leaving the morass of the temporal and saving all appearances in the eternity of a creator's heavens†. This forms the basis of Messianic hope.He is indeed the light of the world during the time in the Old Testament but also during the time in the New Testament where the bible gives the background of where Jesus is coming from. In the gospel according to Matthews, the opening of the text begins by explaining the ancestors of Jesus. This implies that God brings us the His history to help us know of the new creation or the new Adam. Jesus comes from the house of David and of Abraham. Christ confronts the Jews his people because he comes from within and so he knows the way of life here.This makes it easy for him to talk them from their perspective without fear. The bible goes on to say in various texts for instance in the letter of Paul to Corinthians that in 2 Corinthians 4:4-6 we read: The god of this age has blinded the minds of unbelievers, so that they cannot see the light of the gospel of the glory of Christ, who is the image of God. For we do not preach ourselves, but Jesus Christ as Lord, and ourselves as your servants for Jesus' sake. For God, who said ‘Let light shine out of darkness.Made his light shine in our hearts to give us the light of the knowledge of the glory of God in the face of Christ. His beco mes the light that shines in the world to bring His glory. He is the beginning, the ‘Alpha’ and has lived now and shall live forever ‘Omega’. He is the almighty at all costs and has the key to every door. Apocalyptic text in the bible which is Revelation draws it statements from the fact that there will be neither sun nor moon in the city of God since it does not need them.Work citedMichael Green, The Truth of God Incarnate (Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans, 1977), ed. , pp. 36-39.Ibid, pp. 39-41.Clement of Alexandria, toward the close of the 2nd cent. A. D. cites diverse views concerning the date of Christ’s birth among early churchmen (Stromata, Bk. 1, Ch. 21).Leon Morris, The Gospel According To John, (Eerdmans, 1971), p. 365, 473-4.Karl Barth, Church Dogmatics, II. 1, p. 622.T. F. Torrance, The Christian Doctrine of God, One Being, Three Persons (T & T Clark, 1996), pp. 118-127.

Communication Within Workplace

What is means by communication actually? Communications define as process of interchange of information that mainly included sending and receiving process. What is means by a successful communication? When sending a message there are kind of barriers can be interrupt, that disturb overall the communication structure, by solving the problems and finally receiving message in proper manner, than it is become a successful communication. In this research I am going identify the main purposes of communication, find out the characteristics of an organization’s structure, analyses the impact of the organization structure on how communication occurs and on its effectiveness and changes in organizational structures. In the same time, I will study on the barriers of communication in my workplace. Finally find out the way avoid the barriers to improve commutation, and the problem solving ways to have beautiful standard communication structure within my workplace. Research Question: 1. What are the benefits or purpose of communication within a workplace? 2. What is the structure of communication that should be have in a workplace and don’t have in my workplace? 3. What are the barriers of communication within workplace? 4. How to adopt the proper communication structure? 5. Who should be taking responsible to a successful communication in a workplace, who will be benefited by this proper channel? 6. What kind of communication should be have, depend on situation? 7. What is Different of current communication system and the communication should be adopted? 8. How to overcome the barriers to improve communication my workplace? Research Objective: The objective of this research is analysis the overall communication benefits and the barriers that make brake down of communication and also the ways of solving barriers within my workplace.

Not sure Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Not sure - Research Proposal Example This was a triggering event for me, and I decided to research more. My research gave me a lot of literature about the mechanics of the SLR camera, and its preferred advantages over other forms of camera. I also gained a lot of resource material on the different brands of SLR and digital SLR (DSLR). However, when I was viewing the disadvantages of SLR I found out that one of the disadvantages of the SLR is that the mirror system can cause noise. I researched more on it, but could not get enough information. One of the reasons why noise came into the images was because of the thermal effect. Therefore it struck me if using a sensor cooling system in consumer grade DSLRs can reduce noise. I tried to find more literature if such cooling sensors are being used in consumer grade models. There was some information available on the usage of CCD sensors in DSLR for use in astrophotography; however, there was no literature or trial models in the market which used cooling systems for SLR in consumer grade models. Therefore I decided to base my research on the scope of developing a consumer grade SLR that integrated cooling systems to reduce noise. My research paper reviews the DSLR mechanics, and its merits and demerits over other forms of cameras. In the later part, the paper explores the science behind noise, and how it is overcome. It then goes on to justify that why cooling sensors can decrease noise. The paper outlines an experiment that could be performed in order to assess if cooling sensors can decrease noise. The paper also provides safety precautions that need to be taken and the scope, if the experiment is successful, of such DSLR models in the market for cameras today. As mentioned above, one of the disadvantages of consumer-grade DSLR is that the signal to noise ratio is high. Therefore the experiment is designed to investigate how one a certain type of sensor can reduce this ratio. The first step

Should breastfeeding moms show nipples to the public Essay

Should breastfeeding moms show nipples to the public - Essay Example Beyer Monica successfully brought ought the argument concerning displaying nipples to the public by women during breastfeeding. Using the picture, Monica emotionally connects the readers to the woman and the baby breastfeeding in the picture. The picture gives an idea situation of a woman breastfeeding and exposing her nipple to the public. Monica emotionally connects the reader to the article through involving the actual picture of the scenario. Most of the readers connected to the article because of the picture. Most readers connected the readings and picture of the article to the normal setting in the society. Most people have seen women exposing nipples to the public during breastfeeding. therefore, connecting the actual events in the society and the article created an emotional connection between the reader and Monica, the writer to the article. Beyer Monica argument concerning exposing the nipple to the public during breastfeeding successfully became viral via the internet because of the use of reasoning and logic in persuading the reader. The reader was able to read the article and understand why women ought not to expose the nipple to the public during breastfeeding. Monica logically discusses the aspect of women exposing nipples to the public. Beyer involves to the views of other women that have experienced such incidents before to provide views concerning the argument. The ideas provided by other women in the article assists the reader in making logical reasoning concerning the nipple exposure to the public during breastfeeding.

Integrated and Interdependent Global Economy Essay

Integrated and Interdependent Global Economy - Essay Example It not only saves time, energy and money, but also induces overall growth to the economy. It is not one country that will be benefitted, but all the countries who are involved in the bilateral trade will be immensely benefitted from the same.   Globalization has made a major impact on the world economies. The shift has been mainly towards a more integrated and interdependent economy. Here the market and the production unit must be merged together to give an integrated effect. Also, the geographical factor has been considered when this interdependency aspect has been implemented. This is a good concept because the economy has been merged to source the local services and products and make it available to the huge global market and also to take advantage of the individual national distinctiveness and the other factors of production like energy, land, capital, and labor.   In this perspective, the matter of outsourcing refers to the concept of sharing of the production and service operations in an overseas country and also it helps in hiring the employees in a different location rather than employing the people in-house. The processes and functions, which   are being outsourced most often, are supply chain by 36%, learning - training by 31%, information technology by 43%, finance and accounting by 21%, human resources by 25% and customer relationship management by 13%.   The free trade generates gains for all the countries which take part in the system of free trade, but as the factor of globalization moves throughout the U.S. financial system, many people dispute the effect of outsourcing on the jobs they hold.

Cell Sat Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Cell Sat - Essay Example Calls whose orbits are a lot of times higher than normal satellites, are also known as geosynchronous satellites, offer no time delay in the voice and almost no echo effect. So to achieve this satellite phone will be using Low Earth orbiting satellites. CellSat will be designed on path diversity architecture which offers overlapping satellite coverage, so that any call can be made available to be handle from many satellites in any location. This will result in fewer dropped calls. Motivation is any need that an individual seeks to satisfy. Before becoming a motive, it has to have intense stimulation or arousal. The motives are classifies as biogenic and psychogenic needs. Biogenic needs are need for drinks, sex and bodily comfort. Psychogenic needs are psychological needs which are also known as secondary needs, such as the need for nurturing, independence and achievement. Motivation can also be described as wanting like someone, which is why companies hire celebrities so that the consumers can be attracted towards them, and be motivated to buy that product. For instance David Beckham appeals to the youngsters and he is a brand ambassador of a lot of products. It is because of him that people buy the products, may be because they want to be like him. It is one of the psychogenic needs (Stein)Companies around the world spend billions of dollars for making a tagline and the right message for their products since motivation and perceptions influence consumer beh avior in many ways. For a consumer market, anything can be a motivational factor. Like promoting a product through celebrities, is one of the most important motivational factor these days.. For any market, especially the UK market, Celebrities likely David Beckham can be a lot appealing to the youth market while those like Stephen Fry appeal to the more scholarly and discerning people. It is a

The First Amendment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The First Amendment - Essay Example The First Amendment speaks to the very heart of what it means to be an American.In guaranteeing the freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly and petition, it ensures that each and every individual in the United States is offered some rudimentary inalienable rights With these rights comes the inescapable task of responsibility.These responsibilities were not clearly delineated in the constitution.In fact, the notion of free speech has been challenged to a great degree in that it is very esoteric in nature and when exercised to the full extent, it holds the potential of endangering lives.This paper will present an in-depth examination of the right to free speech and the notion that there should be a limit placed on such a right.First and foremost, the First Amendment refers to the rudimentary freedom of expression.At the forefront of the freedom of expression is the notion of freedom of speech.This freedom facilitates the expression of individuals without the interference or constr aint of the government—federal or state. It, however, operates under the assumption that this freedom may be limited if it proves to be detrimental to others or infringes upon the rights of others. One such case is one in which a person’s freedom to speak serves to effectively and efficiently facilitate a breach of peace or cause violence. In those cases the Supreme Court places a stringent requirement on the government wherein there must be a justification for the actions of the government to interfere or otherwise regulate those rights. Freedom of speech is not limited to verbal expression. It extends to other mediums which facilitate communication (Cornell School of Law-First Amendment, http://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/index.php/First_amendment). Substantive treatments of freedom of speech in the United States tend to be Court-based, meaning they focus primarily or entirely on Supreme Court decisions. Studies such as James E. Leahy's The First Amendment. 1791-1991: Two Hundred Years of Freedom (1991), Rodney A. Smolla's Free Speech in an Open Society (1992), James Brewer Stewart's The Constitution, the Law, and Freedom of Expression, 1787-1987 (1987) and Cass R. Sunstein's Democracy and the Problem of Free Speech (1993) all exhibit a similar tendency-the tendency to frame or categorize Free Speech in terms of various "issues." and then to clarify each of those issues by relying on specific, "landmark" decisions, or a chronology of decisions, by the Supreme Court. In A Worthy Tradition: Freedom of Speech in America, for example. Harry Kalven, Jr. begins by exploring the concept of "Content"-in terms of "Heresy and Blasphemy" (Cantwell v. Connecticut, 1940: Burstyn v. Wilson, 1952: Epperson v. Arkansas, 1968: Torcaso v. Watkins , 1961) then "False Doctrine" (Kingsley Pictures v. Regents. 1959: Street v. New York. 1969): and "Taste" (Hannegan v. Esquire. 1946: Winters v. New York. 1948: Cohen v. California. 1971; Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire. 1942). While limited in ways, these approaches do reveal one important thing-the inadequacy of these definitions of Free Speech. At the very least, they show that the various Courts have always been in the business of weighing Freedom of Speech against other interests and values- which is to say that the Courts have never construed Freedom of Speech as even remotely absolute. Contingencies such as location (public/private, for example), situation

History of business Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

History of business - Assignment Example orkers in most cases remained unmotivated; he also noted that most of the workers who were coerced to perform repetitive tasks usually worked at a slow rate; he called this behavior ‘soldering’. Taylor argued that all tasks that an employee was assigned could be organized in such a way that the productivity of the worker would increase and that his scientific theory of management was more effective than the usual ‘initiative and incentive’ method, which was based on increasing productivity by placing responsibility on the worker to figure how to do it. In order to establish the best possible way to carry out a job, Taylor carried out some experiments, which he labeled time studies or as time and motion studies. In these studies, he used a stopwatch to time a worker’s motions in order to determine the most effective way to carry out a job based on the way that took the least time. He was an American businessman who founded the standard oil firm that led in America’s oil industry. He contributed a lot to the oil and petroleum industry. He operated the oil firm until 1870 when he retired. He was a Scottish American businessman who contributed a lot the growth and expansion of the steel industry in the U.S during the 19th century. In addition, he was a renowned philanthropist in that he utilized his wealth to help

New Labours Policies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

New Labours Policies - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that New Labour’s policies and principles that have given the party victory in elections for three consecutive terms since 1997 have focused on three crucial areas including the economy, public services including health and education and crime and asylum.   Labour has highlighted its achievements since 1997 focusing on the fact that it has helped to bring down inflation rates to a considerable extent and Britain has now been experiencing a period of sustained economic growth with very low levels of unemployment. Considering changes in health policies, New labour points out that hospital waiting times and waiting lists of patients are at the lowest level and the NHS now has 19,300 more doctors and over 77,500 more nurses since 1987 and more modern equipment have been provided in these hospitals. Police numbers being at record levels, Labour claims that crime is under control and the Home Office has laid out strict policies to contro l undue asylum and benefit seeking. Barry and Patterson have discussed New Labour’s role within the framework of globalisation and ecological modernisation and suggested that all environmental policies and reform projects could only be understood within the context of ecological modernisation or EM principles considering the political factors as well. According to Barry and Patterson, globalisation lies at the centre of any discussion on environmental policy and the study shows New Labour’s use of EM approach is consistent with the aims of globalization.... ith its unique policies on the issue of asylum and social exclusion, education (Ryan, 2005), public health (Davidson et al , 2003) and economic policies (Raco, 2002) as well as public participation in the governmental agenda and decision making. Moss and O'Loughlin (2005) highlight the wide ranging public policy programme initiated by New Labour in areas of information and communications technology. The political ideology of new Labour seem to be the best explanatory tool for providing insights into New Labour's policy developments. Moss and O'Loughlin provide an ideological explanation of New labour's approach to policy structures and suggests that New Labour's approach to policy development in technology is structured, defined and is also conceptual and epistemological. Thus New labour seem to be responding to the new political ideology of the information age at the level of policy and this is reflected in its positive attitudes to new technology. The relationship between ideology and policy seem to be clearly related and would require further analysis to understand whether New Labour project is in any way unique and if so whether there is a clearly defined political philosophy followed by New Labour that seems to reflect in its policy implementations. However one important aspect of governance that seems to set apart New Labour and make it different with a definite New Labour project is the party's attempt to connect with citizens at all levels. As Morsion and Newman (2001) state, the Labour government has been increasingly using technology to connect with citizens and to this aim the UK Online and Citizen's Portal initiative was launched to improve the level of service and improve interaction between government and the citizens. However Morison and Newman claim

Introduction to Communication in Health Essay Example for Free

Introduction to Communication in Health Essay Outcome 1: Understand why communication is important in the work setting? †¢ People communicate to give and receive information i.e. Child A has eaten a piece of toast during snack time, as child A doesnt usually do this we informed the parents of the childs progress at the end of our preschool session. †¢ People also communicate to give and receive instructions e.g. Child A has a lactose intolerance and therefore can only have Soya milk at snack times ,It is therefore vital that all staff follow these instructions. †¢ People also communicate to express any needs that they have in our preschool setting we have all weather outdoor play time so it is essential that all children have a suitable outdoor coat hat, gloves and Wellington boots. 2. Explain how effective communication affects all aspects of own work? See more: how to start an essay †¢ Being able to communicate with all individuals within our preschool setting helps to build a good foundation and understanding between us. Giving information in a clear manner that is understood by the recipient to ensure that the information is received in the right way, also taking the time to listen to other peoples points of view and concerns, And ensuring that we meet any needs or concerns that these partys may have. †¢ For children this means always talking to them at there level giving good eye contact and re-assuring facial expressions and body language. Giving them enough time to listen and process things that you say or ask of them and giving adequate time for a response, whenever appropriate using  positive tones to your voice. †¢ For parents using all available communication methods, from face to face communication, to telephone conversations or writing in the childs home school book. Using first names where ever possible and listening to and respecting the views of the parent/carer. Always re-assuring a parent that our first priority will always be there child. †¢ For our colleagues always have conversations in appropriate places, Give eye contact and correct body language also listen and be respectful of other peoples point of views and opinions. †¢ In our preschool setting we have many bilingual children and as English isnt there first language we use many different techniques to ensure they can understand what we are saying or asking them to do. During our snack time we count in all the childrens first languages, Chinese and Malayalam and use both pictures and hand signs to help the Children understand. Child A was doing an animal puzzle and showed me a pig piece I said Thats a pig and made the noise oink, oink whilst making a snout with My hand at my nose. 3. Explain why it is important to observe an individuals reaction When communicating with them? †¢ It is important to watch how people react to see how they are feeling and whether they understand the conversation or instructions you are giving to them. You can see if a person is comfortable by there body language, facial, Expressions and tone of there voice. We must use these skills to read both adults and children alike. Also taking in to account that different expressions can have different meanings in other cultures.

The Ways Football Has Affected Society Essay Example for Free

The Ways Football Has Affected Society Essay You should answer ALL parts of ALL questions in this booklet. If you need more space for any answer, use the page(s) provided at the back of this booklet and clearly number the question. Check that this booklet has pages 2–11 in the correct order and that none of these pages is blank. YOU MUST HAND THIS BOOKLET TO YOUR TEACHER AT THE END OF THE ALLOTTED TIME. You are advised to spend 60 minutes answering the questions in this booklet. In the box below, name the large natural environment you have studied. Large natural environment: Question One: patterns A large natural environment is a distinctive part of the earth’s surface and is defined by its common characteristics or elements. Each of these characteristics creates patterns on the earth’s surface. Natural characteristics (elements) of an environment include: climate landforms soils vegetation. Circle the TWO natural characteristics from the list above whose patterns you wish to explain in this question. (a) In the box below, draw an annotated sketch map or diagram of your chosen large natural environment to show the patterns created by TWO natural characteristics of your chosen environment. Title: Key: (b) Fully explain the pattern created by EACH natural characteristic from (a) on your large natural environment. Support your answer with detailed evidence. Characteristic 1: Characteristic 2: Question Two: INTERACTIONs The natural environment is constantly evolving as the elements (characteristics) and processes interact with each other. The level of interaction varies in size (scale) over time and from place to place. Natural characteristics (elements) of an environment include: climate landforms soils vegetation. Circle the TWO natural characteristics from the list above whose patterns you wish to explain in this question. Discuss how the interaction between TWO characteristics varies from place to place in your large natural environment. In your answer, you should: explain how the characteristics interact fully explain how the interaction varies in different parts of the large natural environment use specific detailed evidence to support your answer. You may draw diagrams / maps in the box on page 7 to support your answer. Question Three: PerCEPTIONS Different groups of people and individuals perceive the natural environment in different ways. This perception can change over time. People’s perceptions are shaped by their background, their experiences, and their involvement with the particular natural environment. Name TWO different groups OR individuals linked to the large natural environment you have studied. Group / individual 1: Group / individual 2: (a) Complete the table below to show the perception each group / individual held about this large natural environment at TWO different points in time. In your answer, clearly state each point in time you are referring to, and include supporting evidence from your large natural environment. Group / individual Perception Perception 1 Point in time: Point in time: 2 Point in time: Point in time: (b) Fully explain why each group / individual’s perception has changed over time. Use detailed evidence to support your answer. (i) Group / individual 1: (ii) Group / individual 2: Extra paper for continuing your answers, if required. Clearly number the question. Question number Extra paper for continuing your answers, if required. Clearly number the question. Question number

The Reign of Terror in the French Revolution

The Reign of Terror in the French Revolution The Reign of Terror spread itself throughout the war by creating inner conflict within the elements of the French Revolution, which consisted of religious movements, uprisings, and developments with much fervour. Taking cues from different historical facets and literatures, it can be said that the reign of terror is the product of rebellion which resulted from disparities in social and political backgrounds. When the Revolution headed to the divergence from facts and moral integrity, the nation shifted from its compliance with the law and moved toward varying principles. The Reign of Terror was not the course of the aberration itself, but was rather the effect of the symbolic conflict between the Revolution and Ancien Regime. During the Reign of Terror, sovereign authority was not fully exercised and led to fall of the west and south to civil war.[1] It was in this phase that the Revolution was disrupted and broke down. The Revolution was intensified by disorder within the rebellion, as well as by a republic which was breaking down due to external pressure and crumbling from internal conflict; it was at its peak with the occurrence of war, inflation, violence, sabotage, hunger and oppression.[2] The Revolution had its collection of noble figures who deeply translated to the energized society of French gearing up for any kind of uprising. A notable figure which history detailed was Charlotte Corday.[3] Her description said that she was a Republican before the Revolution and had never desired for any kind of energy, until the radical shift within the Revolution happened. Corday wanted to see the republic flourish (Schama 730). It was showed that the ills of Revolution Fever had withered the noble pursuit of the nation and resulted to the Vendee War (March-December 1793). This war caused the finite terror of the people and made them confront their won risks and obtain salvation through any kinds of civil disturbances. It was stated that the Vendee War the bloodiest and longest symbolic conflict prior to the revolt against the dictatorship of Paris which happened on June-July 1793 (Furet et al. 165). The scuffle between the Revolution and Ancient Regime was divided into two: one composed of soldiers carrying the flag of the republic and the other composed of peasants from the Vendee population who lifted the banner of God and king. This antagonistic set-up for the revolt sprouted from the negation to conscription and the terror that overshadowed the entire nation. The testimony of the the Ancient Regime was neglected by the Revolution that did not listen to other voices, and instead, divulged its movement from the right track to the crooked one. The arrival of resistance, sidetracked by methods of monarchy, aroused every battle in the countryside. The revolt had turned into insurrection in which the resistance had became a geographical conflict grounded on quadrilateral band consisting of the generalites Poitiers and Tours (referring to the nomenclature of the ancient regime) (Furet et al. 165). The reign of terror was an integral part of the Revolution because this was the solid basis for violence. It was implied by the history that the Revolution mostly moved by the military Vendee, had slipped entirely from the control and jurisdiction of Paris for several months and had not been an area morally at odds with the rest of republic in 1789 (Furet et al. 166). This notion explained why terror was an effect of violence. In explicating the relationship among reign of terror, violence, and the Revolution, it could be stated that the chain started with the aberration of the Revolution in which it drifted away from the right track. With the existence of aberration, violence penetrated within regions causing internal and external conflicts ranging from the differing views on morals, ethics, politics and society. Such external and internal conflicts, in turn, paved the way for the reign of terror to sink in. With this terror came the want for freedom from violence and fulfilment of each wishes. Then, this course led to war and divisions in the entire nation. The very gap between the republic and its representation in politics is what allows the variation in a large society to declare its singular voice (Bates 138). This gap often results to error that manifests itself throughout the longstanding history of the Revolution. The government creates and preserves a space for national unity, a space that is also meant to protect a country as much as possible from that so-called error that penned out the translation of imminent identity into a firm decision and will of the republic (Bates 138). This political logic was an aberration in a broad sense interpreted using the term terror. In this kind of interpretation, the Revolution tried to erase that gap between the people of France and state. It has been said that the Jacobin dictatorship declared an extreme transparency between the state and French men which in reality, interpreted that the people were pulled out from the reality itself to rhetorical figure because the only way absolute transparency could be ensured was by eliminating the relationship between the two discordant entities which were the state and the nation (Bates 138). The complete establishment of the political power could only be achieved through dissolving one of entities and in the case of the Revolution, people of France were displaced through oppression and violence. In applying the subject of terror, the government became the people and any traces of opposition to the state, both external and internal, as tagged as enemy (qtd. in Bates, 139). It was true that revolutionary violence was not limited to the basis of terror alone. Apart from the relationship established among violence, terror and war, what identified the violence of the terror from the past facets of the Revolution was its systematic nature and the constructed fact that the state had instituted it (Bates 139). In the earliest periods of the Revolution, it was evident that the there was a need for specific discipline aiming to the development of stability which was the main goal of political leaders. The search for discipline had encompassed radical inassurance and instabilities brought by violence. In the late periods of the Revolution, it was viewed that monopoly was a specific discipline which politicians used to control radical violence. As the state permitted Revolution, terror may imply that it tried to erase the gap between people and the state by reigning over revolutionary violence into the state and monopolizing it (Bates 139). The need to limit and control violence was an aspect that consumed the totality of revolutionary consciousness. Such need aroused the issue on the amibiguity regarding resistance and order. It was inculcated that the defining disorder in the revolutionary context was a vexing task, knowing that Revolution itself was a disordering event (Bates 145). Sociologist Auguste Comte had his own historical justification on Revolution in his work Cours de Philosophie Positive. He said that the absence of any sound political philosophy makes it easy to imagine what empirical temptation must have determined such an aberration.(qtd. in Aron 306). It was prominent Comtes writings that he was being assertive of anachronism of war and he was able to focus on the contradictory views between the modern society and the military and warlike phenomenon: All truly philosophical minds must readily acknowledge with complete intellectual and moral satisfaction that the age has finally come in which serious and lasting war must utterly disappear among the elite of humanity (qtd. in Aron 133). Comte was able to reiterate that the philosophical minds of the politicians who shaped the Revolution had drifted from its established principles and resorted to aberration with no logic support but to limit and control violence to the extent of violating even the n ations rights. Comte went on to explicate more of the philosophy of knowledge in which aberration could be attributed to. Sound philosophyregards all real laws as constructed by us from external materials. Evaluated objectively, their accuracy can never be anything but approximate. But since they are created only for our needs, especially our active needs, these approximations become quite sufficient when they are well established according to the practical requirements which habitually determine appropriate precision. Beyond this principal standard there often remains a normal degree of theoretical freedom. (qtd. in Aron 142) The quotation above justified the differing philosophies of those who constituted aberration. Comte thought of theoretical freedom as a means to justify why political leaders resorted to aberration that became a conduit for the the reign of terror. The reign of terror must have been rooted out from the violence which came from the drift from established rules. The integral role of the reign of terror in the Revolution was made stronger with aberration which was a current that shaked the relationship between the nation and the state. History may prove that the strength of violence imposed by the Revolution still lingered on the people of France just like an aftermath of war. The end of the war did not mark the Vendees reconciliation with the Republic (Furet et al. 169) was stated that the violence that shocked and shaped Vendee is all a matter of national and political imagination in which ancient regime and the Revolution were assembled to argue (Furet et al. 170). The reign of terror was made complicated when the constructed relationships within the Revolution were deemed in flux. There seemed to be no end to the oppression of the people if there were no establishment of administrative questions that could fix the constitution and allow for sovereign republic. Sovereignty was nowhere in the picture as the search for unity within the nation grew more as a complex problem that was connected to the ambiguity of the term error of the citizen from the crime of the counter-revolutionary, for the admission of error by politicians and citizens under the boundaries of revolutionary politics (Bates 140). Revolutionary politics imposed a fundamental gap between the abstract and genuine legitimacy which came from the unity of the nation and any evident manifestation of sovereignty even if that specified manifestation was a famous act, legislation, executive directives, or emergency measure. Mentioned in this paper was the scope of error and mistake that ignited violence. It was identified that the Revolution had to scuffle with the overt opponents of the nation and the mistakes which had to be completely eradicated to protect against internal errancy. In this notion, error was a thing that had been philosophized as a possibility which was greatly understood by the most revolutionaries since the existence of the National Assembly. This comprehension opened up politics to render a space where that kind of error would be lessened (Bates 140). The conceptualized space was visualized by critic Maximilien Robespierre who reconceptualized that space for error reduction situated at the very heart of the politics. But Robespierre only touched the issue on leaving space for error reduction and it was in contrast to the perspectives of other political leaders who envisioned such space as constitutional or institutional one rather than what Robespierre called an internal and moral space (Bates 140). According to Robespierre, the politics of aberration could be grounded on virtue, not reason, as it was the necessary preparation for insight into the national voice and that the finite terror was based on the desire to construct a space where an important identity might be exuded (140). In addition, the discontinuity was the radical change from established measures to highly moral ones and this decisive shift, according to Robespierre, crucially involved error to revolutionary politics. The Vendee encounter was a catalyst in structuring Frances old society which was mainly inhabited by peasants, priests and nobles that were connected through culture and tradition. When violence was deemed as an insurrection, it starked perceptions in which any acts against the Jacobin dictatorship was identified as disloyalty to tradition. Aberration in this sense was viewed as an enemy of the ancient regime. The Vendee war ennobled the ancient regime by adding essential factors of which its inglorious end would otherwise have deprived it: popular passion and the heroism instigated by resistance (Furet et al. 170). In conclusion, it was illustrated in this paper that the reign of terror spurred out from aberration politics which was considered as the radical shift from established morals to the ones dictated by peoples active needs. The relationship among violence, aberration and terror could be identified through the Vendeer encouter which represented oppression and violation of tradition. It was important to know that reign of terror was the effect of the conflicts brought by violence and disparities in identifying which said greatly attributed to the aberration in the Revolution era. Works Cited Aron, Raymond. Main currents in sociological thought. New Jersey: Transaction Publishers, 1998. Bates, David W. Enlightenment Aberrations: Error and revolution in France. New York: Cornell University Press, 2002. Furet, Francois, Ozouf, Maria, and Arthur Goldhammer. A Critical Dictionary of the French Revolution. London: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1989. Palmer, Robert R. Twelve Who Ruled: The Year of the Terror in the French Revolution. New York: Atheneum, 1965. Schama, Simon. Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution. New York: Vintage Books, 1990.

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â€Å"Ilmu pengetahuan tanpa nilai-nilai yang mulia belum tentu dapat melahirkan masyarakat yang baik dan berjaya. Nilai-nilai yang mulia tanpa ilmu pengetahuan juga tidak akan melahirkan masyarakat yang berjaya†. Begitulah ungkapan kata-kata bestari oleh mantan Perdana Menteri kita, Tun Dr. Mahathir bin Mohamad, Bapa Pemodenan Negara yang merupakan salah satu daripada pencetus kegemilangan dunia pendidikan negara. Selamat pagi dan Salam 1 Malaysia saya ucapkan kepada: Pengerusi Majlis, Yang Amat Berhormat Datuk Johan Ashaari bin Murti, Menteri Pendidikan merangkap Timbalan Perdana Menteri. Yang Berhormat Datuk Romario Ansam anak Rungah, Timbalan Menteri Pendidikan. Yang Amat Berhormat Pehin Sri Maher Zain, Ketua Menteri. Yang Berhormat Freddy Jabu anak Jugah, Timbalan Ketua Menteri. Yang Berhormat Datuk Halimah, Menteri Tugas-tugas Khas Dalam Negeri berkaitan Pendidikan. Yang Berhormat Datuk-datuk dan Datin-datin. Yang Berbahagia Datuk Ariffin Faiq, Ketua Pengarah Pendidikan. Yang Berbahagia Datuk Sabri bin Rahmat, Rektor IPGM. Yang Dihormati Encik Hafiz Azman, Pengarah Pendidikan Negeri. Yang Berusaha Puan Saftuyah binti Safri, Pengarah Institut Pendidikan Guru Tunku Abdul Rahman. Pengarah-pengarah IPGK dan Wakil-wakil Pengarah IPGK. Yang Berusaha Encik Amir bin Jamal, Timbalan Pengarah Institut Pendidikan Guru Tunku Abdul Rahman. Ketua-ketua Jabatan Persekutuan dan Negeri. Ketua-ketua Jabatan dan Ketua-ketua Unit Institut Pendidikan Guru Tunku Abdul Rahman. Pensyarah-pensyarah Kanan. Para Pensyarah. Staf-staf Sokongan. Para Graduan. Para Ibu Bapa. Tuan-tuan dan Puan-puan dekat di hati. Tegak rumah kerana tiangnya, tegak bumi kerana paksinya, tegaknya saya di sini adalah untuk menyampaikan sebuah pidato yang bertajuk â€Å"Kecemerla... ...unyai muhasabah diri, mereka mampu mencipta nama dan berjaya di peringkat global. Tuan-tuan dan puan-puan yang dihormati sekalian, Sedarkah anda bahawa percubaan dan uji kaji ribuan kali telah dilakukan oleh Thomas Adison untuk mencipta lampu yang dapat kita nikmati faedahnya sehingga ke hari ini? Tahukah anda bahawa Colonel Sandera telah bersusah payah siang dan malam untuk mencipta resepi rahsia KFC nya sehingga semua kita yang pada hari ini menjamahnya sehingga menjilat jari? Sikap sebeginilah yang wajar diambilkan sebagai contoh dan panduan sekiranya kita ingin betul-betul cemerlang dalam akademik bahkan kehidupan kita seharian. Antara rahsia kejayaan orang-orang yang hebat ini ialah kepatuhan kepada disiplin. Lihatlah wahai dunia bahawa orang-orang yang berdisiplin ini yang akan menggoncang dunia! Bak kata pepatah, â€Å"siapa yang menuai, dia akan dapat hasilnya†.

Gateway Drugs and Common Drug Abuse :: Substance Abuse Essays

Gateway Drugs and Common Drug Abuse The oldest known written record of drug use is a clay tablet from the ancient Sumerian civilization of the Middle East. This tablet, made in the 2000’s B.C., lists about a dozen drug prescriptions. An Egyptian scroll from bout 1550 B.C. names more than 800 prescriptions containing about 700 drugs. The ancient Chinese, Greek and Romans also used many drugs. The Greeks and Romans used opium to relieve pain. The Egyptians used castor oil as a laxative. The Chinese ate liver to cure anemia. In the 1500,s and 1600’s, doctors and scientists made important advances in Pharmacology and in other fields of science. In the early 1500’s, Swiss physician Philippus Paracelsus pioneered in the use of minerals as drugs. He introduces many compounds of lead, mercury and other minerals in the treatment of other diseases. Gateway drugs are substances that people take which, in many cases, lead to those people taking more drugs. Alcohol and pot are the most obvious gateway drugs. Studies show that if you smoke pot, you're more likely to try things like crystal meth or cocaine or heroin. Many people see alcohol and pot as less dangerous and harmful than other drugs, but the truth is, they are just as dangerous as any other drug in more ways than one. Not only are alcohol and pot dangerous in there own right, they also screw up your judgment making you more likely to use other drugs. Gateway drugs work in two major ways. The first, gateway drugs break down a psychological barrier against doing other drugs. Once you have crossed the line with a gateway drug, you are more likely to go there with other drugs. Second, Gateway drugs impair your judgment. If you are drunk to high, it is easier to say yes to cocaine or whatever else is around. These drugs break down your inhibitions, so you are more susceptible to peer pressure and experimenting. They do not just impair your judgment when you are on them they can change the way you feel about drugs in general. LSD LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) is one of the major drugs making up the hallucinogen class. LSD was discovered in 1938 and is one of the most potent mood- Schreiber 2 changing chemicals. It is manufactured commonly referred to as "acid," The effects of LSD are unpredictable.

Essay --

Three Gorges Dam, the largest hydropower in the world, has claimed to be a project that gives â€Å"hope† to the people in China. Located on the Yangtze River, the third longest river in the world, the Three Gorges Dam is the symbol of China’s technology and economic progress. For years, the government has claimed that it could benefit people’s living quality by improving the navigation on Yangtze River, providing hydroelectric power, and improving flood control. But does it true? Do the people in China get any benefit from this project? This paper will discuss about the environmental impact, the social consequence, and the current status of Government’s plans toward the Three Gorges Dam. Flood control is the main reason for building the Three Gorges Dam. Since Han Dynasty (300BC), flood has been killed millions of lives, and destroyed millions of acres of farmland and homes every ten years. Billions of money has been spent on recovering the damage. The Three Gorges Dam is meant to be responsible for controlling the flood by changing the water height of the reservoir upstream from the dam according to season. It was planned to allow the water level to reach 185 meters above the sea level during the dry season, from November to April, and reduce to 135 meters during flooding months in order to attempt to contain flood waters. ("Biggest flood control,") Energy production is the second major reason for the construction of Three Gorges Dam. China’s demand of energy has been increasing rapidly that the Government have to find ways to fulfill the huge demand. The Three Gorges Dam becomes one of the solutions in meeting the needs. According to China Three Gorges Corporation, the dam contains twenty-six turbines, each generating 700MW, thus ... ...s very inefficient. Besides hydroelectricity, China has a lot of potential in other alternative energy, like wind energy and solar power. The investment of these alternative energy could be cheaper and faster compare with the large dam. According to the China Academy of Meteorological Sciences, the potential of wind energy is massive, with 235 GW of practical onshore wind power potential and 750GW offshore. For the solar power, China is already a global manufacturer of PV panels which makes it likely to have a large market for grid-tied solar in the future. ("Three gorges dam:," 2008). The Chinese government’s goal is to get 15% of electricity from renewable sources by 2020. With the strong financial and political power of China government, China could become the world leader of energy revolution while protecting the environment and human rights at the same time.

Global Internet Censorship

What aspects of the internet make global censorship difficult? Why might a government be inclined to impose internet censorship on its citizens? Is global internet censorship moral? Internet Censorship has been a topic of much debate and growing concern in the past decade. According to the OpenNet Initiative, the number of countries seeking to control access of content on the internet has been rising rapidly (Documenting Internet Content Filtering Worldwide n. d). Reporters Without Borders published a list of thirteen countries as ‘internet enemies’ in 2006. The list consisted of Belarus, Burma, China, Cuba, Egypt, Iran, North Korea, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tunisia, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Vietnam (List of the 13 Internet Enemies in 2006 Published 2006). The Chinese government has restricted internet access so heavily that it is called the ‘Great Firewall of China’ (Healy, 2007: 158). Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) also have heavy restrictions on gambling, pornography, homosexuality and anti-Islamic sites. According to the OpenNet Initiative, the four main reasons why a government imposes censorship are securing Intellectual Property (IP) rights, protecting national security, preserving cultural norms and religious value and shielding children from pornography and exploitation (Documenting Internet Content Filtering Worldwide n. d). Global censorship may not be as easy as it sounds. Many aspects of the internet make global censorship difficult. The absence of a centralized hub is one of the main reasons why global internet censorship may not be feasible. As of now only individual countries have imposed censorships through their Internet Service Providers (ISPs). The internet is extremely vast and there is no way people can be employed to check on every single content that is put up on the web. Automated checking tools are not as effective and can only filter content to some extent. The internet is a many-to-many media and people all around the world can post web pages. It is thus quite difficult for one agency or government to curb all activities on the internet that may be deemed offensive to them. Along with all its benefits the internet also brings with itself a lot of harms. Hacking, identity theft, pedophilia etc are just some of them. In September 2006, Time. com reported that Brazilian prosecutors claimed that a number of pedophiles, anti-Semites and racists lurk around the country’s most popular social networking site, Google’s orkut (Downie, A. 2006). There has been a recent uproar in Dubai, regarding orkut where some members of the public questioned why the site was not banned and that certain communities were posting immoral material. Dubai-based lawyer Abdul Hamid Al Kumity, of Al Kumity Advocates, said according to Article 15 of the UAE's cyber crime laws, people risked a jail term of between six months and three years, and a fine of up to Dh30,000, for making, constructing, exhibiting, showing, circulating, inducing or impelling people to watch a website with obscene, immoral, pornographic or erotic material. Article 15(4) puts those who publicise suc h websites for others to watch or attract people to such websites at risk of a fine or a jail term. According to Article 13, anybody who allows youngsters to access such websites or helps them in viewing them will be punished with a fine or a jail term of up to five years’ (Bardsley 2007). Thus after a huge public uproar, orkut has been blocked by the country’s most popular ISP – Etisalat. The main reasons why a government might be inclined to impose internet censorship on its citizens are to protect the regional moral values, to protect children and to protect the country. Preserving moral values of the country would include the censorship of any site deemed offensive in the context of religion, culture and relationships. Homosexuality is considered an offence in the UAE and all sites related to the topic are blocked in the region. Most dating service sites are also blocked. Anti-Islamic and Pro-Christian sites such as those preaching conversion to Christianity are also blocked by the ISPs. The second reason of protecting children would include keeping adult content from children and keeping the children safe from paedophiles. National security is the other main reason why a country would be forced to impose internet censorship. The political sentiments of a country are likely to be kept a secret by the government. On the other hand we do have countries like China whose suppression of important information has led to not only national but international problems. ‘The SARS crisis in 2004, and the contamination of the Songhua River in 2006, which affected millions of lives in China and Russia, serve as particularly deadly examples’ (New HRIC Report Details State Secrets System 2007). Terrorism is another reason. The governments of most countries are keeping a strict watch out for any material posted on the internet linking to terrorism. ‘The National Institute of Justice defines computer crime as any illegal act for which knowledge of computer technology is used to commit the offence’ (Stamatellos 2007:11). On the fifth of July 2007, three â€Å"cyber-jihadis† who used the internet to urge Muslims to wage holy war on non-believers were jailed for between six-and-a-half and ten years in the first case of its kind on Britain (Gulf News, 2007:20). The governments also censor content to protect the political sentiments of the country. In Belarus, for example, ‘in March 2006, several websites critical of President Alexandre Lukashenko mysteriously disappeared from the Internet for several days’ (List of the 13 Internet Enemies in 2006 Published 2006). Similar acts by the governments are seen in most other countries listed by the Reporters Without Borders. Governments also impose censorship so that none of its secrets are disclosed. The governments do so to control and maintain their power. People around the world, adults and teenagers alike have created virtual characters or avatars for online gaming purposes. Sites like ‘Xfire’ and games like ‘World of WarCraft’ have people from around the world addicted. These games have led to crimes in the real and virtual worlds. There was an incident of a murder in Shanghai over a virtual sword used in the online game ‘Legend of Mir 3’. When the dispute had started between the two individuals, the authorities were informed but they could not acknowledge virtual properties. In South Korea these kinds of violence and murders are so common that the police call it ‘offline PK’ which stands for offline player killing. The game ‘Lineage: The Blood Pledge’ is so popular in South Korea that the number of acts of violence aggravated by this game came to a point where the authorities had to create a special cyber-crime unit to patrol both online and offline. These interventions of the government are totally justifiable since the safety of the public is at stake. ‘Kantian ethics is the moral theory of Immanuel Kant or any theory that ncorporates some of Kant’s central claims or claims similar to Kant’s. Kant’s most basic claim is that nothing can be conceived to be good unconditionally and without qualification except a good will’ (Werhane et al. , 1998: 356). From the Kantian perspective, internet censorship is legal in the sense that the government is only protecting its citizens from possible harms an d other data that maybe be deemed sensitive or offensive as far as the religion or the governing body of that country is concerned. In the above mentioned example of setting up online communities on orkut in Dubai, most people in Dubai do not know the laws against it and they think that they are anonymous on the Internet whereas that is not the case. The government can get the IP addresses from Google server and track down the person easily. Since the main intention of the government is to protect the people, from the Kantianism point of view, internet censorship is moral. Contractarianism has been identified to have its origins from Plato’s ‘Republic’ (Sayre-McCord, 2000: 247). Social Contract Theory which is a part of contractarianism is based on rights. People have a right to information which is blocked by the government. Along with offensive sites, the governments also block sites which may be educational or useful otherwise. The government of UAE, for example, has blocked Yahoo’s web album site Flickr due to some indecent content, but most people use the site to share photographs with friends and family around the world. In addition to right to privacy internet censorship denies people their freedom of expression. According to a report by Reporters Without Borders, 52 people in China were in prison for expressing themselves too freely online at the time of publishing the report (List of the 13 Internet Enemies in 2006 Published 2006). Thus self-censorship would also be in full-force, in addition to all the other governmental censorship. From the citizen’s perspective, evaluating with the social contract theory, global internet censorship is immoral. Frey defines Act-Utilitarianism as a view that ‘an act is right if its consequences are at least as good as those of any alternative’ (2000: 165). The main advantages of global internet censorship may be protecting children from inappropriate content, protecting moral values of the general public, protecting individual countries and their political sentiments and securing IP rights. The main harms may include the fact that important information that the public deserves to know may be with held. Secondly blocking sites such as Flickr due to some explicit content may not be justified keeping in consideration the public at large because most people use it to share photos with their kith and kin around the world. Thirdly sometimes biological information may be with held because it is deemed explicit. Sometimes sites related to topics that are acceptable in some countries may be blocked because they are considered offensive in other countries. Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) sites such as skype was banned by the UAE’s ISP Etisalat so that the people are forced to use their telephone for long distance calls and they would not lose out on their profits. This is also a harm in the sense that the government is denying the public of new technology for monetary benefit. Since the harms of internet censorship outweigh their benefits, internet censorship is immoral. ‘Rule-consequentialism holds that any code of rules is to be evaluated in terms of how much good could reasonably be expected to result from the code’ and good stands for whatever has non-instrumental value (Hooker, 2000:183). According to him Utilitarians are the most prominent type of consequentialists and they believe that utility is the only thing with non-instrumental value. ‘The term â€Å"rule-utilitarianism† is usually used to refer to theories that evaluate acts in terms of rules selected for their utility – i. . for their effects on social well-being’ (Hooker, 2000: 185). From the rule-utilitarian point of view, the main benefits remain the same, securing IPs, protecting political sentiments, protecting children and protecting religious and moral values. The harms, on the other hand, are violation of the public’s right to information , their right to freedom of expression, their right to decide for themselves as to what is right and what is wrong and their right to new technology. Moreover in a few years time, it is possible that people will be relying completely on the internet for news and entertainment. So the laws pertaining to newspapers should be applicable to the internet as well. Thus since the harms outweigh the benefits, global internet censorship is immoral from the Rule-Utilitarian perspective. We have seen that all countries do not filter the same content. When China filters out all pro-democracy sites, the concept is unthinkable of by most other countries. When homosexuality and same-sex marriages are acceptable in countries like UK and some states of the US, it is looked down upon by most other parts of the world. Thus filtering these content on the internet may not be accepted by all. What may be normal in some countries may be completely offensive in some other. Therefore global internet censorship is not a panacea. References Bardsley,D. , 2007. Orkut users should report offensive material. Gulf News, 4 July. p. 2. Downie, A. , 2006. Google and the Pedophiles. Time [online] 6th September, Available: http://www. time. com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1531986,00. html, [cited 4th July 2007] Frey, R. G. , 2000 ‘Act-Utilitarianism’ in The Blackwell Guide to Ethical Theory [e-book] ed. Lafollette, H. Blackwell Publishers, Malden Massachusetts USA, pp. 165-182 Available: http://www. etlibrary. com [cited 29th June 2007] Healy, S. , 2007. ‘The great firewall of China. (Looking at the Law)’ Social Education [online] 71(3), p 158 Available from Expanded Academic ASAP via Thomson Gale http://www. galegroup. com [cited 28th June 2007] Hooker, B. , 2000 ‘Rule Consequentialism’ in The Blackwell Guide to Ethical Theory [e-book] ed. Lafolle tte, H. Blackwell Publishers, Malden Massachusetts USA, pp. 183-204 Available: http://www. netlibrary. com [cited 29th June 2007] N. A, 1998 The Blackwell Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Business Ethics [e-book] ed. Werhane, P H. & Freeman R. E. Blackwell Publishers, Malden Massachusetts USA p. 356 Available: http://www. netlibrary. com [cited 29th June 2007] N. A, 2006, ‘List of the 13 Internet Enemies in 2006 Published’, Reporters without Borders [online], 7th November, Available: http://www. rsf. org/article. php3? id_article=19603 [cited 6th July 2007] N. A. , 2007, ‘New HRIC Report Details State Secrets System’ Human Rights in China [online] 12 June Available:http://hrichina. org/public/contents/press? revision%5fid=41505%5fid=41500 [cited 4th July 2007] N. A. , 2007, ‘Three jailed for using Web to wage war’ Gulf News 6 July. . 20. N. A. , n d ‘Documenting Internet Content Filtering Worldwide’ OpenNet Initiative [online] Available:http://www. opennetinitiative. org/modules. php? op=modload=Sections=index=viewarticle=1 [cited 20th June 2007] Sayre-McCord, G. , 2000 ‘Contractarianism’ in The Blackwell Guide to Ethical Theory [e-book] ed. Lafollette, H. Black well Publishers, Malden Massachusetts USA, pp. 247-267 Available: http://www. netlibrary. com [cited 29th June 2007] Stamatellos, G. , 2007, Computer Ethics, Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Massachusetts, USA. p. 11.

Organizational Outputs Essay

In reviewing the article in reference to the Nadler-Tushman Congruence Model. Another quote from the article, struck me very strongly in regards to the observed organization; ‘The bigger the gap between the formal and informal systems within the organization, the less effective the organization is. ‘ This is from the Weisbord’s Six Box Model and this aspect is quite apparent in the organization observed. A negative output is one of the things that should be avoided, especially regarding consumers. An agreed statistic within many business marketing modules that a dissatisfied consumer will often tell more people than a satisfied consumer. A frustrating fact, however true. Outputs are those products which are dispensed from the organization. These can include product, as already mentioned, the way consumers are treated is another factor. Outputs also include, how the organization interacts with the environment. Technically an output is any factor that the organization ‘puts out’ whether through marketing, whether intentionally or unintentionally. Consumer Satisfaction There is an old saying, ‘You can’t please people all of the time. ‘ In an organization where the internal culture is to ‘never’ say ‘no. ‘ Because, we have also heard the saying, ‘The customer is always right. ‘ An automatic conflict is built between consumer and employee. Someone, is usually wrong. And if a person is doing their job as required under organizational policy, the possibility of ‘pleasing all of the people all of the time’ becomes quite low. However, in an organization ‘pleasing’ every person is a near impossibility. In fact, I believe, it was Menecke who said, ‘I don’t know the sure way to success. I do know the sure way to failure, trying to please everyone all the time. ‘ Certainly a risk every organization takes is how to tell the consumer, ‘no’, while keeping that person as a consumer. Somewhat of a conundrum, as no one likes to hear the word ‘no. ‘ This is where the earlier quote from ‘Weisford’s Six Box Model’ caught my particular attention. Faulty policy or the failure of an organization to uphold it’s own policy, creates extreme difficulties for personnel. In the organization observed, a policy would be set forth, such as a limit to the type or number of courses a student could take in an eight week period. Personnel, following policy and even double checking policy with the Director would refuse the student as directed under policy. The stated policy would then be, completely undermined if the student decided to complain. In most cases, if not all, the student was allowed the ‘exception’ to having policy overturned. When a situation such as this occurs on a recurring basis, morale is severely weakened. Personnel are not trusted to do their jobs with integrity. As well as the fact, that when policy is regularly undermined, what then becomes the point of attempting to enforce any type of policy. Worse, the employee begins to give up altogether in performing their tasks with any independence. As the result is and has been personnel are wrong and can be completely overridden. The result is an organization without compass. And ultimately, in this organizational situation, it is the consumers that are hurt the worst. Personnel become surly and unwilling to help. After all, how can personnel be perceived as being helpful when every decision, no matter how small can be overturned? The situation becomes unbearable, and any attempt at creating consumer loyalty is lost. Policy should serve as that mechanism to provide the means toward providing consumer needs. When that attempt to follow policy is constantly undermined, the result, undoubtedly is weak, powerless leadership and an unwilling personnel to follow any ‘policy’ that is developed. Personnel should be one of the most enthusiastic ‘ambassadors’ to the community when representing the organization. The odd thing about serving the organization in this way, is that a certain pride should be taken in the work one does. A continuous undermining of the personnel’s ability to do the job one has been hired to accomplish. This type of output creates a hostile atmosphere, distrust is built and maintained through this constant turmoil between management, personnel and consumers. Summary Only one type of output has been mentioned in this report. The reason being that personnel are crucial to the way consumers and the public perceive the function ability of an organization. A dissatisfied representative or employee becomes complacent and extremely unwilling to attempt new devices for serving the consumer. Much less becoming innovative in the process. Frustrating employees to the point of powerlessness, is not a recommended means toward the success of an organization. Another reason, I believe in the importance of personnel and their ability is that most organization’s neglect the fact that a sound, successful organization is built on the competence of employees. Yet, this seems to have become the accepted methodology among many organizations, especially older organizations. A basic principle is that personnel are the most valuable investment an organization can make. Personnel, especially those in the front line are those that have the ability to positively affect a second most important resource, consumers.

Nature and Man

Charles Baudelaire is a controversial French poet during the 1840’s. Choosing not to take up law, he was sent him to a trip to India during which he discovered his passion for poetry. Later on he was part of the 1900’s movement, the Symbolist, whose goal was to show the world different perspectives or the â€Å"hidden meanings† of objects. Scandalizing the masses his book The Flowers of Evil, which contained Correspondences, was condemned by the public. In Correspondence, Charles Baudelaire uses metaphors to connect the nature and the senses of a person. This is evident through out the poem.Temples according to Merriam-Webster is a building for religious practice. Therefore temples are sacred and in the very first line of the poem, â€Å"Nature is a temple in which living pillars†, Baudelaire uses metaphor to connect sacredness and nature. Naturally, nature has trees and temples have pillars, which hold the structure. Again, he uses metaphor to make nature ’s trees the living pillars of the temple in this instance are nature. In the next line, one will see how a sacred place like this can be a safe haven to its people. Whenever a person of a certain religion is at lost, he seeks refuge in his respective religion.Now, nature as a temple can be a place where it can â€Å"give voice to confused words†. The third line is connected to the first one. Baudelaire uses the verbs â€Å"is† in the first line and â€Å"passes† in the third line. So while nature is a temple, man passes through it. It gives the impression that while man is changing, nature is constant. Also, all things sacred are kept secured thus the poet’s use of the term â€Å"forests of symbols†. He shows the need of nature to be kept sealed, as it is sacred. And though the man passing through is confused, the sacredness in which he is engulfed in â€Å"look at him with understanding eyes†.In the next stanza, Baudelaire uses the technique alliteration. Though it is not evident in the translation made by William Aggeler, it can be heard in the video of the original French version of the poem being read by Gilles-Claude Theriault. At the first line he talks about prolonged echoes and in the next 2 lines the words Baudelaire used words, which sort of sounded alike. It was like he was using the words to represent the prolonged echoes he was talking about. Then the last line of this stanza talks about how â€Å"perfumes, sounds and colors correspond†.Baudelaire will further discuss the similarities of these 3 in the next stanza. In the third stanza, synesthetic metaphors were used heavily. The sense of touch of the flesh of children, taste of oboes and sight of a color of meadows were all used as comparative devices for perfume, which is normally, uses the sense of smell for its description. The 5 senses are a major part of the poem and it’s most obvious in this stanza. Even the poem ends with the word senses. The third line of the third stanza he now uses contradicting moralities to attribute to the other kinds of perfume he didn’t describe in the previous lines.In the last stanza, Baudelaire talks about the power of perfume to spread. Looking at this in the perspective of nature, it can be said that perfume represents everything around us. As perfume is a liquid that requires the sense of smell, it is potent enough to be able to disperse in the air of nature. Also, since perfume is dispersed in the air, it is in a way inescapable because the scent will follow you. If another scent comes along, it will either mix, or over power the other one. He says it is â€Å"like amber and incense. Musk, benzoin† all of which are ingredients used in the process of making perfume.And while a perfume has the â€Å"power to expand into infinity†, it â€Å"sings the ecstasy of soul and senses†. The personification in the last line of perfume is used because he rei terates the point he made in the stanza before this, how perfume does not only touch the sense of smell, but all the senses. Baudelaire uses metaphors to connect nature and the 5 senses to wonderfully weave a tapestry depicting the relationship society of man and the aspects of this society. He shows the beautiful interconnection of man and nature despite the traces of imperfections surrounding it.

Hamlet- Shakespeare dramatises the tension between Passion and Reason Essay

Acts of passion and acts of reason can be differentiated by a sense of underlying tension, Shakespeare’s ‘Hamlet’ published in 1601 explores these universal ideologies by dramatizing this underlying tension. ‘Hamlet’ presents challenging representations of the traditional values of passion and reason through their varying forms. The representation of these concepts coupled with dramatic tension conflicts with traditional plots of the Elizabethan era thus creating a sense of enduring value. The various depictions of dramatized tension that underpin the play, allows issues of passion and reason to flourish throughout as is the intention of Shakespeare. Tension emphasises how acts of passion must incorporate elements of reason in order to confirm that the act is in fact righteous. This is true to the philosophical outlook of Humanism, during Shakespearian times, a practice that emphasized reason and human fulfilment in the natural world often rejecting r eligious beliefs. Hamlet struggles with acting in accordance with his Humanist elements or reverting back to his traditional religious ways, Act One, Scene V, effectively introduces this link between passion and reason exacerbated through underlying tension. The device of the Ghost initially symbolises the disruption of the Great Chain of Being on which the Elizabethan society of the epoch was founded due to the tension created by the passionate crime of Claudius for the throne. The Ghost explicitly introduces these concepts through its initial contact with Hamlet and its repetitious, blunt language ‘So art thou to revenge, when thou shalt hear.’ Hamlet’s love for his father allows him to inherit this want to commit the passionate act, evident through his metaphorical language which depicts his submission to his father’s will ‘Haste me to know’t, that I with wings as swift as meditation or the thoughts of love may sweet to my revenge.’ Hamlet’s response is ironic and juxtaposes itself as notions of tension heighten his self-division to act with desire or intent. Though Hamlet wishes to act passionately, his religious beliefs which condemn ghosts along with his Humanist beliefs to not act without purpose lead to his state of inaction. The scene elucidates how reason has aided his prolonged struggle between his identity as a Renaissance Man of Thought and Chivalric Man of action. This representation of passion and reason dramatized by tension  allows the play to develop demonstrating how acts of these emotions are riddled with ardent desire that is plagued with logic of Shakespearian autonomy. According to conventions of Elizabethan Theatre braggart soldiers usually played the role of the protagonist, Shakespeare challenges this by employing an intellectual scholar as the lead. Through the character of Hamlet, Shakespeare crafts passion as a catalyst to act by the requests of the ghost, however portrays the intellectualisation of reason as an inhibitor of this will to act. Hamlet’s soliloquy in Act Two, Scene II, exhibits the dilemma of the human condition through his psychological tension between public and private duty caused by the love for King Hamlet. Hamlet ironically exclaims ‘O what a rogue and peasant slave I am!’, chiding and degrading his principals and stamina. Hamlet’s conflict is depicted through rhetorical questions which connote doubt and the direct address of images representative of hell, illuminating the confusion of definite morals as a product of reason ‘What’s Hecuba to him, or he to Hecuba, that he should weep for her?’. Hamlet’s repetition of Hecuba alludes to his questioning of Christianity and religious faith which reflects the Elizabethan society of the epoch. Hamlet evidently creates an argument against himself creating a distinguishable divide in thought process, indicated through the conjunction, ‘Yet I’. This product of contemplation is portrayed as the driving force of the conflicted soul of Hamlet. Recurring motifs of emptiness ‘And all for nothing?’, ‘And can say nothing’, and the repetition of nothing creates a cyclical tone in argument that reinforces contemplation as a form of procrastination from concluding the rivalry with Claudius, thus highlighting the dichotomy between action and inaction and subsequently passion and reason. Hamlet’s confliction is further exacerbated as he metaphorically states that he is ‘prompted to my revenge by heaven and hell, must like a whore unpack my heart with words.’ Consequently blurring the divide between moral and immoral actions as his revenge has been instigated by heaven in its war against the working of hell, visible in Claudiusâ⠂¬â„¢s achievements. This presents a challenging view of desire and motivation can be halted by reason. Hamlet’s characterisation as continually self-berating and his inaction are counter-acted by the concluding rhyming couplet ‘The play’s the thing where in I’ll catch the conscience of the King.’ The rhythm of the metaphor alters and gains momentum and speed as  Hamlet is presumably spurred into action emphasising the developing tension, presenting another challenging dimension to the concept of influence on moral and corrupt supremacy in the 17th century. The play captivates audiences as it presents the light and shade surrounding the complexities of passion and reason, as presented through the dramatized tension allowing the responder to question the values of the time. Order and Hierarchy were prevalent aspects in Elizabethan society, Shakespeare usurps this concept making it a key source of tension throughout the play. In ‘Hamlet’, Claudius’s passion for power causes him to commit regicide, an act regarded as sinful at the time and thus causes his emotions of remorse which challenge the nature of his Machiavellian character and defined distinctions of morals. In Act Three, Scene III, Claudius, uncharacteristically overcome by a deep sense of guilt soliloquises metaphorically confessing ‘Oh my offence is rank, it smells to heaven; and hath the primal eldest curse upon’t, a brother’s murder.’ The biblical allusion to Cain and Abel reinforces the religious undertones which contribute to C laudius’s realisation of his fatally flawed morality caused by his notions of reason and identity as a Machiavellian character. The combination of Christian and Pagan imagery further connotes the notion of tension, challengingly strengthening the passion for self and power as the cause of rivalry and self-division through reason. Through the alliterative comparative adjective ‘My stronger guilt defeats my strong intent, and like a man to double business bound’, Claudius’s internal struggle is revealed through the simile as he is trapped between the dichotomy of two alternatives which are driven by Hamlet’s intent to obtain revenge. The notion of defeat also suggests battle which connotes his enthrallment of his inner conflict produced by passion. These literary devices are thus used to emphasise the universality and value of the diverse perceptions of passion and reason presented. Furthermore, through the soliloquy of Claudius the valued ideologies which plague thought are depicted as a product of the passion of power. Claudius’s crime exemplifies the fundamentally corrupt nature of the Divine Right of King. The hyperbolic interplay of juxtaposing light and dark imagery in the metaphoric rhetorical question ‘What if this cursed hand were thicker than itself with brother’s blood, is there not rain enough in the sweet heavens to wash it white as snow?’ illustrates the irrevocable evil that Claudius  has committed in the murder of King Hamlet, an act of passion later questioned by notions of reason. It is additionally a mortal sin, biblically in all cultures and eras to commit murder, bestowing the play with its universality. Claudius concludes the soliloquy through the exploration of binary opposites and religious allusions ‘My words fly up, my thoughts remain below. Words without thought never to heaven go’, which reinf orce Claudius’s deliberate humanisation, contributing to the complexity which underpins the characterisation of all Shakespearean characters and reflective of the notions of reason present during the Elizabethan era. This complexity illuminates the challenging presentation of the traditional values of passion and rivalry. Hamlet is hence a universally valued text because of its diverse representation of traditional values which challenge the audience. Through the initial introduction to the Ghost the intertwining nature of passion and reason exposed through tension, challenges the notion of these concepts as separate values. The soliloquising of Hamlet in Act Two, depicts the over intellectualisation of passion as a product of reason, and its devastating consequences conveying a less idealised view of passion which challenges audiences. Moreover, the soliloquising of Claudius in Act Three further reveals an act of passion as a product of reason, presenting a diverse challenging perspective. These notions which oppose tradition bestow Hamlet with its value derived from its universality.