International Sales of Goods by Sea Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

International Sales of Goods by Sea - Essay Example This is to ensure that no material losses occur to the goods during transit. The liability of the seller under CIF is larger than under FOB, in that, the responsibility of the goods, vests with the seller until it is loaded onboard the ship. In other words, the liability is not restricted until it is entrusted to the carrier, but remains intact until the shipments are aboard the ship. Any losses that occur during the intervening period would fall upon the seller, and not anybody else. Thus, the Academy could initiate action against Llodd’s in respect of the books having missing pages. Under Section 14 (2) (a) of Sale of Goods Act, it is seen that â€Å"where a seller sells goods in the course of a business, there is an implied term that the goods supplied under the contract are of satisfactory quality. It provides that goods are of satisfactory quality if they meet the standard that a reasonable person would regard as satisfactory, taking account of any description of the goods, the price (if relevant) and all the other relevant circumstances. Again, under Section 13 of the Sale of Goods Act, sale of goods by description, it is incumbent on the part of the seller to ensure that the goods match the description; otherwise the buyer is at liberty to repudiate the treaty, and /or claim damages for compensatory damages. (Sale of Goods Act 1979). Again under the provisions of Section 11 of the Sale of Goods Act 1979, it is seen that when a contract of sale is incumbent upon certain conditionality to be fulfilled by the seller, especially in a CIF contract, the buyer has the options either to excuse the conditions or may elect to treat the breach of condition, as a breach of warranty, which may not be cause for action of cancelling the contract. There may be certain aspects surrounding the case that could suggest whether the requirement could be treated as a condition precedent, in which case the buyer could elect to cancel the contract or, in cases,

How Far Kim Is An Indian English Literature Essay

How Far Kim Is An Indian English Literature Essay Kim is a fine artistic creation written by Rudyard Kipling. It has a strong impact on the readers mind that gives a strong sense of spirit for adventurous journey, whereby the two main characters are on the way for searching their respective goals. Kim wants to find his fortune where as Tahsoo Lama wants to discover a certain river of arrow. All the characters in the novel, are part of Great Game. For Mahbub Ali, Hari Babu, Creighton Sahib it means a spy game, a political one i.e. a part of British imperial system. For Tashoo Lama it is a wheel of life, wheel of things in its spiritual and philosophical meanings. For Kim it is a fulfillment of his personal curious desire and nature. Throughout the novel Kim faces a problem of his identity. The problem arises due to his identification with different identities, cultures and ideologies. We are informed that he is a white born orphan who wears some charmings in his neck which are his only heritage to prove him British. His indigenious characteristics place him with Indians. He is brought up in Lahore by a poor half-caste Hindu woman. Our point of study here is to see to what extent he is an Indian? Kipling is determined him to be a white, a British. In the very first page of the novel he says : Though he was burned black as any native; though he spoke the vernacular by preference and his mother tongue in a clipped uncertain sing-song, though he consorted on terms of perfect equality with the small boys of the bazaar; Kim was white a poor white of the very poorest.[Chap.-1] Thus in this way he has denounced absolutely all the cultural and social elements which make a man and give him identity. To prove him British, is to isolate him. The birth and the parents do not create the identity only. It is designed by society and culture, and his interactions in it. Most necessarily Kipling introduces Kim with Indianness, Indian objects, Indian ideas, and thinking. He is grown up in the society of Lahore city. He lives the wild life of Arabian Nights and he is able to see the beauty of it. He discards English style of remaining alienated from commonness. It is his nativity which separates him from his ancestors. Kims society includes Abdullah, Mahbub Ali, the Muslims; Chote Lal, the Hindu; the fakirs; the small boy of bazaar; the native policeman; water carrier; Jawahir Singh the carpenter. He is not different from all these members of Lahore city society. He is looked after by a half-caste Hindu woman who wished that he should wear the European garments but Kim found it easier to slip into Hindu or Mohammedan garb[Chap.-1] In company of his native friends he is at ease. He knows their language and all castes. It is his society in which he grows up learning the very native knowledge of it. Often natives are defined with their characteristics like simplicity, down to earth, knowledge which comes out of every day practical life, curiosity, excitement, innocence. Kim has all these qualities. He is very curious to know about the new things. He behaves in native manner and the wisdom he shows is more Indian. He quotes the proverbs which maintains deep understanding, knowledge and life long experience. If we consider Kim a monolithic character he is less Indian than British. But he is not a universal white man because he hates missionaries, he prefers vernacular and he is always able to attain sympathy from others. He hates going school where the classrooms are gloomy for him. He lives his life among street boys begging for food, which he can surely attain accepting the white society. He wants to live a free life as do the Indians, so he remains away from missionaries or any white person who can take possession over him, in order not to indulge in unadventurous life of routine and seriousness. He is born white Christian and he is well conscious of it but it bothers him to enter again in white society. He entertains his life with Indians without any limitation. He is happy in living with them and treats them equal to him though his nature is to take over anybody is only due to his highly experienced and open-minded out spoken personality. Contrary to it,the Britishers know nothing of India. He has adventures there and every secret activity attracts him. So he is shown always interested in moving in streets in dark, climbing high on the roof of houses to explore somewhat of his interest. The darkness and his colour black both are associated with the Indians by the Britishers in context of India.He knows Indian sensibility because he has lived with them.His alliance with Mahbub Ali started only with his need of food and his curious nature leads him to new experiences. He has nothing to do with Britishers and with their game. He is appears as a secular personality. He says to Mahbub Ali that he is neither Muslim nor he is Hindu even he does not say that he is chrisitan. He may criticize a Lama or a Hindu but he never claims his views about religion. When he is introduced to Catholicism he sees it a new set of Gods and Godlings [Chap.-7].Even the idea of being a Sahib or a White vexes him.He says to Lama-Thou hast said there is neither black nor white.Why plague me with this talk?'[Chap.-15]. He is alien to a British and has framed himself in Indian style. Indianness has ripen in him and if we want too see Britishness in him we can see only reflections of it. He gives the characters but more the readers to feel at home in their native environment. His wisdom is common with the priests in village who take possession of the minds of all villagers. He is confined to India. If he would have another identity or from another place this could not have happened. There would be some connections from outside. He is responding to both Indians as well as English in a way which may suit them but he takes no responsibility of it. Typically he belongs to the class of people in India who had firm faith in appropriateness of British rule over India, whose ideas are inspired by west but actions limited to their own cultural environment The relationship between Lama and Kim is also a typical Indian relation between Guru and Shishya.He is a chela, not a disciple of Lama. Kim insists on his being chela. He says to Lama I am your chela. Am I not?Am I not your chela? Kiplings use of words contextualize him in certain periphery. The symbolicism also suggests the Indianness in Kim. How can a man follow the way or the great game when he is so always pestered by women?, he says. The way or the great game symbolize the sacred path to reach the ultimate truth. The words cannot be taken only for spy game. Kipling says that Kim thought in the vernacular on this occasion.And this is possible only by his relation with Lama and his Indian roots, which made him able to think spiritually. He loves the country. Mahbub asks him And who are thy people friend of all the world? Kim replies This great and beautiful land. The orality of characters and speeches connects the story, the character and even the author to the land upon which it does perform itself. The proverbs must come out from that specific place to which the user belong and its user must have also the wide sense and understanding for using it. It is not a days work and he who knows it and uses is more of that place than other. Kim uses the proverbs and language splendidly. The significant thing is that the proverbs, have their particular tone and sense that they are not found in another languages. They are more Indian than any other things in the novel can be. The colloquial speeches also gives it an Indian colour. Orality and meaning of dialogue both are performative and context bound, and moves away from European styles and influences. These are situated outside the European or English perfiery. It has its own Indian social space. Language which is given to Kim by Kipling is Indian in meaning and context. The language of English priests, Lurgan Sahib and Creighton sahib is different from that of Kim. Kims language is hybridization of English, Hindi and Urdu. There we can clearly see the dominance of pure English over the English mixed with vernacular hence two different levels are created and Kim is attributed lower one i.e. more identified with Indians, specially at that time. The language teaches about ones status and identity. English priests sends him for learning English means that so far he is not an English. He has learned and accepted Indian culture and values. His acception of guru-chela relationship with Lama and his treatment of a sick boy at Banaras are the best example of it. He thinks in Hindi (Hindustani), in the tongue he knows best as the writer says[Chap.6]. It means that primarily he is Hindustani than it does not matter what other language he speaks.His use of Urdu and Hindi language maintains Indianness in him. He is a local legend. If Kim can use aurhoritative language then it does not mean that he is Britisher because it can be practiced by any other Indian also. Being a part of Great Game also does not identify him with Creighton or Lurgam Sahib. If it is the case then what you will say about Hari Babu who is a part of Great Game and speaks English Kim has split consciousness of being both an Indian and a British. His frequent desire for companionship of Lama and the road, his disinterestedness in being a Sahib, and going to school are the strong example of his re-assertion of native cultural identity. His identity can be constructed only in according to his socio-political economic binaries under in which he lived. Kims blackness is first point which separates him from Britishers. Socially he is a part of Indian world. Kim in his early childhood is given to a full grown manliness. Perhaps it will not be wrong to say that he seems to be character of authors imagination, not from the real world. But, what the reality is, that he is offspring of Indian soil. He is moulded in Indian form. He is formed by Indian society and culture not by English. He inherited his body from white parents but it is laid upon circumstances what will happen to his body in future. He enjoys his position well in his society but he is also a person who looks for future. His father had prophesized for his future and he sets himself to go for the search of his future. He is a native hero who is on his mission for making a better life. So he, joins the Madrissah though it is not of his test. There he will be a Sahib but to be a Sahib is not his dream. He thinks that after his schooling he will be more able to play his adventures. Being left by Hari at Rani Sahibas house he feels that he is out of game, the game of adventure. He cant bear it and leaves the house. He knows his birth and in playing games he uses this white racial birth in a political use. It is only a impression on native Indians but he presents himself in his native garbs so to not differentiate with them. His continuous search to find an answer of who is Kim? at last results in humanistic approach that he is only a Kim not a Sahib or a English imperialist one. He is self-centered Indian in his pursuit of joy and adventurous life. Creighton, Burton and Bennett are the part of White world. They cannot part themselves from it. Only after confirmation of Kims white origin they are ready to adopt him. The evidences of this white origin are only his fathers clearance certificate and a note.If Kim had not these proofs he had to remain only an ordinary Indian. Then his colour black, vernacular tongue, his habits, his outward presentation would construct his identity. Thus, language and culture supersedes over race and ethnicity. From Lama he learns myths of Buddha and makes it own objective to search for river. -Oah it was made by our lord Buddha à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. I am his disciple and we must find that riverà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ it is so veree valuable to us.[Chap-5] His joys are the broad land and fields he felt,were a cog-wheel unconnected with any machinery.But I shall argue that he is not an absolute Indian.He knows his British origin but frequently he neglects to be a British.He is conscious of his high birth and goes with Lama only for his own search for red bull. He shows his European egoism, tries to take over everybody. To his native friends, also to Britishers he is a White and superior to all other Indians. Kim hates them Bennett thinks that once a Sahib is always a Sahib; but he avoids Sahibs and Madrissah. To him, for a moment, he may be Sahib but no longer he wants to remain a Sahib. He has crossed all the whites who want war, rule etc. and thinks them fools and wants to see new things. Lama says But no white man knows the land and the customs of the land as thou knowest. Writer seems to make him an Indian without loosing any Whiteness / Britishness in him. There is a White boy by the barracks waiting under a tree who is not a White boyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. He is not like other boys'[Chap-6]. It is the Madrissah where his one identity replaces another. By teaching and learning identities are created. It is Madrissah where a second type of learning starts. Kim says In Madrissah I will learn. In Madrissah I will be a Sahib. In Madrissah for the rest of the day Kim found himself an object of distinguished consideration among a few hundred white men.[Chap-6] Madrissaha becomes the distinguishing point. Mahbub and Creighton Sahib fears that being long in madrissah he can loose his original personality. It is madrissah where the process of making him a Sahib starts. After his discovery of red bull and confrontation with officers he still, is not ready to accept himself a Sahib. He writes to Mahbub Ali By means of charm about my neck. It was established that I was the son of some Sahib in regiment.[Chap-6] A priest gave me a new name and clothed meà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Later he says to himself à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ and I am a Sahib. No I am Kim. This is great world and I am only Kim. Who is Kim?[Chap-6] Here Kim seems to establish his identity beyond the Sahib/White world. He knows the world is great. He asserts himself Kim of any place. He is the man of all the world who does not create distances and differences. After all he can not be said as a whole (full) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.Indian nor he can be a English because his parents were Irish and author gives stress upon his Irishness when he says his mother has been Irish too. He is a great synthesis of the East and the West. British and India.He comes out from madrissah in form of British agent. He can no longer remain an Indian. He becomes a hybrid of heterogenigenious elements, Indian and English, high and low. The hybridity and heterogentiy glitters but further it can produce nothing. Kim also leaves us in state of puzzlement. He does not give any idea to whither he moves. He himself can not solve himself that who is Kim? He leaves Rani Sahibas house in meditation. The words struck to his ear I am Kim. I am Kim. But what is Kim? He cant find answer. Kipling also tries for a solution but he fails with his words Roads were meant to be walked upon, houses to be lived in, cattles to be driven fields to be tilled and men and women to be talked.[Chap-15]

Essay --

Everyone in the world can access the internet now. People can use different devices to access the internet now. Whether you are in China, Europe, Africa, or the United States, you have access to the internet in some way. I will be talking about the use of internet access around the world. Also, areas that do not have internet access or have low amount of access to the internet. I will also talk about bandwidths that are in some areas and what they are using being used for. The paper will start with a little history of how the internet first started and how it continues to develop. Next, will be the use of internet in the U.S. The way internet has been accessible in homes. Then, will be the use of broadband in the United States and other areas. After that, is the use of internet access in rural areas. Finally, Will be the use of access to the internet using devices. 2. BACKGROUND AND SIGNIFICANCE The first internet started about 50 years ago in the United States. It started out as a government weapon for researchers to use to share data and communicate with each other. During the 1950s, the Soviet Union lunched the first satellite that was made by man into orbit. The satellite was called Sputnik. The only thing it did was traveling around the earth sending radio transmissions. After that, American scientist decided to focus more on technology and science to further advance their technology. Different corporations decided to use their government funded money and place it in scientific research and development. Even the federal government used their own money to create NASA and ARPA (Advanced Research Project Agency) so that they can have a place to create more technology. During the 1960s, there was a computer scientist called J.... ...ation in those areas is low. The rural area lacks broadband more than urban areas because there are less people in rural areas. The number of people that lives without broadband is about 19 million, but there are 14.5 million people that live in rural areas, according to the FCC. Even if there is not much broadband service in those areas, rural and urban areas are slowly obtaining the service. Another reason why rural and urban areas lack broadband service is because of the cost to get the service in those areas. The cost will increase depending on how far the area. Companies knows that it will cost them large amounts of money to put broadband in rural areas even if there is a high demand for it. The lack of broadband service in certain areas can also affect the growth of the economy when someone is trying to find out how the economy has improved in the past years.

Managing Effective Labor Relations

MANAGING EFFECTIVE LABOR EMPLOYEE RELATIONS Abstract Labor relations refer to the relationship between corporate management and the unionized workforce. Administering the best practices along with the current developments in labor relations is contingent on labor management relations. In addition, the legal framework for collective bargaining and negotiations need to be examined. Knowledge of the history of the relationship between labor unions and management is fundamental in effective labor relations management today. What is a labor union?A labor union is a group of employees, who are organized by the specific job that they do. They come together to form units that bargain with their employer regarding working issues and conditions. Union workers are referred to as â€Å"blue-collar workers† because the majority of people who hold that job specification are also union members. The majority of union members work in the public sector. These are jobs where the funding source c an be national, state, or local. These types of jobs include: postal service jobs, teachers and police officers.Jobs in the private sector have no involvement with the government and are run by private citizens or groups. These types of jobs could be found in: restaurants, retail, or corporations. There are many more union members in the public sector than the private sector. Just under half of all employees in the federal, state, and local government are union members. Public school teachers, police, and firefighters hold the highest number of union workers in the local government. The second largest groups on the list of union members are protective service workers in private industry.In the private sector, union members make up about a quarter of the size of the public sector, in transportation and utility positions. Other major private industries with above-average union membership percentages are construction and manufacturing, where in each case thirteen percent of the employe es are in unions (Sloane & Witney, 2011). All union members have legal workplace rights that must be respected by their employers. Some rights are provided by federal or state statutes, hile others are inherent in specific union-employer agreements. If a union member feels that his rights have been infringed, in addition to taking legal action, charges can also be filed against employers through the National Labor Relations Board for violation of collective bargaining agreements. The NLRB is responsible for the prevention and resolving of unfair labor practices under the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA). They also guarantee the rights of employees to organize and bargain collectively with their employers.Another feature that union members have that non-union members don’t is a grievance procedure. This is an official complaint from the union member when they believe their contractual rights have been violated. The steps of the grievance procedure are outlined in the co llective bargaining agreement. Collective bargaining is the process whereby unions and management negotiate and administer labor agreements (Sloane & Witney, 2011). Labor union officials enjoy many special powers and immunities that were created by legislatures and the courts.Union officials claim to rely on the support of members of a political organization of workers who are exclusive of their leadership. In â€Å"Special Privileges†, (2010), the following list of special privileges reveals the rights union members have in their favor: Privilege #1:| Exemption from anti-monopoly laws. The Clayton Act of 1914 exempts unions from anti-monopoly laws, enabling union officials to forcibly drive out independent or alternative employee bargaining groups. Privilege #2:| Power to force employees to accept unwanted union representation. Monopoly bargaining, or â€Å"exclusive representation,† which is embedded in most of the country’s labor relations statutes, enabl es union officials to act as the exclusive bargaining agents of all employees at a unionized workplace, thereby depriving employees of the right to make their own employment contracts. | Privilege #3:| Power to collect forced union dues. Unlike other private organizations, unions can compel individuals to support them financially.In 27 states under the NLRA (those that have not passed Right to Work laws), all states under the RLA, on â€Å"exclusive federal enclaves,† and in many states under public sector labor relations acts, employees may be forced to pay union dues as a condition of employment, even if they reject union affiliation. | Privilege #4:| Unlimited, undisclosed electioneering. The Federal Election Campaign Act exempts unions from its limits on campaign contributions and expenditures, as well as some of its reporting requirements.Union bigwigs can spend unlimited amounts on communications to members and their families in support of, or opposition to, candidates for federal office, and they need not report these expenditures if they successfully claim that union publications are primarily devoted to other subjects. | Privilege #5:| Ability to strong-arm employers into negotiations. Unlike all other parties in the economic marketplace, union officials can compel employers to bargain with them.The NLRA, FLRA, and RLA make it illegal for employers to resist a union’s collective bargaining efforts and difficult for them to counter aggressive and deceptive campaigns waged by union organizers. | Privilege #6:| Right to trespass on an employer’s private property. The Norris-LaGuardia Act of 1932 (and state anti-injunction acts) give union activists immunity from injunctions against trespass on an employer’s property. | Privilege #7:| Ability of strikers to keep jobs despite refusing to work. Unlike other employees, unionized employees in the private sector have the right to strike; that is, to refuse to work while keeping thei r job.In some cases, it is illegal for employers to hire replacement workers, even to avert bankruptcy. | As you can see, the privileges of the union may seem unfair to non-union members. This can create a lot of mixed emotions and tension in the workplace. Although the rate of unionization has declined, its effects on the workplace are still existent. When you are non-union, it’s understandable to be complacent about union issues. Non-union employers must be aware of a number of other policy and practices that can lead to allegations of unfair-labor practices against them.To uphold a fair work environment, management looks to form new relationships between both non-union and union members. In order to prepare for issues that may occur between both parties, it is the company’s responsibility to be fully informed and aware of union laws and precedents. The focus of the traditional law of unions makes up the major part of the labor law. It is based on workers collectivel y and their rights as a group. It is different from employment law which focuses more on issues relating to the rights of individual employees.The body of law of which labor law is comprised is significant for the importance of the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA). The NLRA is codified at 29 U. S. C.  §Ã‚ § 151-169 and purports to serve the national interest of the United States regarding labor relations within the country (Cornell, n. d. ). When periods of widespread strikes occur, uneasy relations can very quickly and severely have an adverse effect on the entire country. A clear policy regarding labor and management encourages the best interests of the employer, which is to maintain full trade and industry production.It is essential to maintain peace in the workplace not just between employees, but employers as well. The NLRA attempts to limit industrial conflict among employers, employees, and labor organizations since the friction could affect full production which can the n result in a series of even bigger problems. Unfair labor practices Union or not, when someone is treated unfairly at work, it can destroy morale. Sometimes the unfair treatment is done accidentally, but most of the time, the unfair treatment is a very deliberate act on the part of the management.In some cases, the unfair treatment can actually be illegal. What is always true is that unfair treatment at work makes more problems than it solves, breeds animosity and distrust among employees, and creates an extremely uncomfortable work environment (Thorpe, 2008). These practices are referred to as unfair labor practices and have been singled out for their potential to harm the general welfare of employees. Through the NLRA, employees are guaranteed the right to organize and to bargain collectively with their employers through representatives of their own choosing.If they choose not to exercise these rights, they are also guaranteed the right to refrain from them. The NLRA establishes a procedure by which employees can exercise their choice whether or not to join a union in a secret-ballot election conducted by the National Labor Relations Board. When and at whose discretion a secret-ballot election may be exercised as opposed to other election procedures is currently a matter of contention between employers and labor groups (Cornell, n. d. ). For those who belong to a union, they have some protection against unfair treatment at work.Union members have the right to work free of the pressures of unfair labor practices, as defined by the NLRA. Members also have the right to file claims regarding unfair labor practices with the NLRB. According to union-organizing. com, examples of unfair labor practices include: coercion to join or refrain from joining a union; threats to close facilities in retaliation for union activities; bribes directed at employees for any reason; personal inquiries concerning union sympathies; refusal to consider grievances (Ingram, 1999).Unio ns and the United States Labor movement have continued their historic decline in terms of membership and density, in today’s economy. Unions have emerged from a period of economic growth and prosperity to becoming smaller and weaker. Having missed an incredible opportunity to grow in a time of prosperity, labor must now figure out how to build numbers and strength in face of economic uncertainty, a Republican President, war, budget deficits, public service cuts and the continued exporting of union manufacturing jobs (Lerners, 2002).The unions of the United States have huge resources: millions of members, billions of dollars in dues, and hundreds of billions in pension capital, as well as political power and the leverage of collective bargaining. These resources offer the potential and the opportunity to organize millions of workers and rebuild the labor movement. The AFL-CIO has documented that the US economy is growing away from the labor movement, growing fastest where unio ns are weakest, where only one out of ten new jobs is union. Private sector unions are losing density in the traditional unionized sectors of the economy (Lerners, 2002).The weakness of labor unions is becoming increasingly evident in the low statistics in most sectors. Supporters of union workers can see in those same numbers the potential for huge growth, with millions of non-union workers coming into those sectors. In general, it is legal for employers to try to persuade employees not to unionize. However, it is illegal for a company to attempt to prevent employees from unionizing by promises of violence, threats or other intimidating actions. It is also illegal for unions to use lies or threats of violence to intimidate employees into joining a union (Silverman, n. . ). Opponents of unions believe that labor unions are bad for business. They feel that labor unions have too much power for their size. They also feel that labor unions use this power as blackmail against companies, by causing labor monopolies. Some feel that they ask too much of companies, causing either the company to shut down, or to supply more money for their employees. Union members are generally Democratic, and are certain that Republicans believe that labor unions lead to recession because they cause wages to go up, and that causes prices to go up, which leads to lower production.For many business managers and owners who are striving to keep their firms strong in a competitive marketplace, the thought of a labor union entering the workplace and organizing the employees can be a source of headache (Hall, 1999). Although employers cannot prevent unions, they can take steps to make unionization less attractive to their non-union employees. According to some human resource professionals, the best defense against union organizing may be a good offense (Lerners, 2012).This can be obtained in a non-aggressive manner such as managers having an â€Å"open-door† policy with their subordina tes and answering any questions and concerns they may have. Human resources play a big role also, since they handle the employee benefits and relations. Keeping a good working relationship will promote effective communication, thus reducing the risk of unhappy employees who may seek to unionize. WHY DO EMPLOYEES JOIN UNIONS? 1. Failed to keep up with job rate and benefit package. 2. Rule by fear. 3. Win/Lose Philosophy of labor relations. 4. Favoritism. 5. Little, if any, personal recognition. . Lack of fair and firm discipline. 7. No input into any decision-making. 8. No career advancement available. 9. Little job security. 10. No complaint procedure, no support by employees for complaint procedure. 11. Failure to have personnel policies and benefits in writing. 12. Lack of recognition for length of service. http://www. d. umn. edu/umdhr/Policies/grievance. html In the work place, union members have the benefit of negotiating with their employer as a group. This basic right gives t hem much more power than if they were to negotiate individually, as non-union employees do.On average, union employees make 27 percent more than non-union workers and ninety-two percent of union workers have job-related health coverage versus 68 percent for non-union workers (Silverman, n. d. ). Union workers also have a great advantage over non-union workers in securing their pensions. Through their collective bargaining agreements and the grievance and arbitration processes, unions help to protect their employees from unjust dismissal. As a result, most union employees cannot be fired without â€Å"just cause,† unlike many non-union employees who can be fired at any time and for almost any reason.The use of the term â€Å"union steward† is not universal. It is, however, the most common designation given to a representative of the union whose role is to represent employees in a certain work area (Sloane & Witney, 2011). Stewards or union representatives are select ed by the union. Some unions elect their stewards while others are appointed by the union officers. No matter how they are selected, the union notifies the company of the employees who are stewards for specific work areas.Due to the size or location of the departments, they may have several stewards while other departments may have one steward who is responsible for several departments. Whatever the case, the union internally determines this and notifies accordingly. The supervisor does not have a role in the selection of the steward. Stewards are persons who are responsible to the union for performing many functions. The steward represents employees in the bargaining unit and can also recruits new members, handle communications between the union and management, and interpret the contract to employees. Most importantly, they represent the union.Supervisors should recognize and respect the steward's role. If a supervisor thinks that a steward is not successfully doing his or her job as a steward, it is not the responsibility of the supervisor to give any advice or make recommendations. The supervisor must remember that the steward is a company employee. Essentially, the steward is chosen because he or she is the most competent to represent the employees. However, it is important, that the supervisor accept the steward in good faith. It is the company’s obligation to give stewards the sincere and careful consideration to which they and the employees they represent are entitled.It is crucial that the supervisor and the steward develop a good working relationship. If both individuals can recognize their respective roles, they can form an understanding. In other words, the steward can be a friend or an enemy. As in any working relationship, time and experience will define it. A supervisor who treats a steward fairly will most likely receive fair treatment and respect from the steward. Another powerful union tool is the strike. A strike is when a group of wor kers stops working in protest to labor conditions or as a bargaining tool during negotiations between labor and management.This may not always be the most effective plan of action, but the law entitles union members the right to strike when they feel that it is necessary. Employers fear the possibility of a strike since production stops while the strike is in effect. Strikes can last anywhere from hours to weeks and the longer they continue, the more disastrous they can become for the company. While labor unions are not as prominent today as they were in the past, they still play a vital role in protecting and representing America’s workforce.As the supervisor in a union environment, the most critical relationship in a working environment is the one between employees and their immediate supervisor. To the employee, the immediate supervisor becomes the â€Å"face† of that jurisdiction's management (Karon, 2010). The responsibilities that management represents are critic al to the successful supervisory interface with employees. In a union environment, a third party (the bargaining unit) would be put into this relationship. The membership of a workforce that is represented by a union are called a bargaining unit.Employees can choose to join the union or refrain from joining; nevertheless, all are subject to the working conditions or agreement agreed to by the jurisdiction and the union (Karon, 2010). Although negotiations of these agreements can take a while to establish, the critical aspect of the process is in the administration of that contract. The supervisor is the key link in a relationship between labor and management. Each supervisor has a responsibility to ensure that the labor agreement is enforced. As a result, many supervisors will be involved in the mandated grievance process.Because supervisors generally know more about the employee than top management does, there are additional burdens placed on these supervisors. To the average emplo yee, the supervisor is management. Due to this, a supervisor must understand his or her role and responsibilities in the organization that he or she represents. Most important is the supervisor's ability to get along with employees. While close personal involvement with employees is frowned upon, the supervisor should be friendly and concerned about the welfare of those that he or she supervises at work.When a person is appointed to a supervisory position, they must realize the fine line in relationships between themselves and their employees. Providing an environment where all employees are comfortable, while remaining pro-active with full awareness of policies that apply to either union or non-union members, or both. By remaining approachable and understanding, employees will be more open to discussing concerns, thus reducing the urge to join the union for increased benefits. The introduction of the labor agreement adds a new dimension to the multi-faceted role of the supervisor.T he institution of a grievance procedure in addition to the presentation of the union representative and steward or union official, makes it even more critical for supervisors to understand that to accept the responsibility of a supervisory position means supporting and advocating management's position (Karon, 2010). The supervisor who cannot support supervisory and management in a policy does a disservice to everyone at the company. For this reason, supervisory training should be heightened to guarantee that they respond properly whenever allegations of contract violations have occurred.Enforcing company policies as well as obeying the collective bargaining agreement does not take the supervisor’s right to their own opinions away. In fact, it is the responsibility of the supervisor to pass their opinions on to other levels of management and communicate results to other employees. Since the supervisor has the most contact with the employees, it is usually the supervisor who be comes the â€Å"middleman† when disputes arise. For this reason, good communication skills and understanding the importance of the supervisor's role in your organization is essential to the success of every supervisor.Employers that have become somewhat complacent with respect to union organizing must become more active in reviewing their human resource policies and practices. Some may be surprised to find out their companies are unionized, or have union members affiliated. Often times, organizations have standard accustomed rules that their members follow. These may have been established â€Å"through the grapevine† or accepted as common knowledge. To ensure compliance with the work rules, manuals and handbooks should be reviewed regularly to evaluate whether they do or do not violate the NLRA.Furthermore, there are many resources within the administration of a company that can be employed. These include human resource programs, policies, and procedures that are infre quently utilized, as well as complaint procedures and establishing an open-door policy. Policies that require employees to first bring complaints to their immediate supervisors should also be thoroughly reviewed to verify that both union and non-union issues are handled properly. Being a supervisor is not an easy task.The supervisor is entrusted with accomplishing the work of his or her unit through the efforts of their employees within that unit. Keeping the employees informed of what their jobs are and how they are to accomplish their tasks are just a small part of the supervisor's overall responsibilities. Administering standards and expectations, developing methods to motivate and increase productivity, and ensuring compliance to all policies through open communication with all employees will promote effective labor relations within the company.Running head: MANAGING EFFECTIVE LABOR EMPLOYEE RELATIONSReferences Cabot, S. (1997). â€Å"How to avoid a union† Retrieved from: https://www. nlrb. gov/national-labor-relations-act Hall, S. (1999). How to stop union organizing. Retrieved from: http://www. ehow. com/how_7986074_stop-union-organizing. html Ingrim, D. (1999). â€Å"Union members’ rights†. Retrieved from: http://money. howstuffworks. com/labor-union5. htm Karon, J. (2010). â€Å"Discipline and Grievance†. Retrieved from: http://www. d. umn. edu/umdhr/Policies/grievance. html Lerners, S. (2002). Labor Notes â€Å"Three steps to reorganizing and rebuilding the labor movement†. Retrieved from: http://labornotes. org/node/575 â€Å"Big Labor’s Special Privileges† (n. d. ). Retrieved from: http://www. nrtw. org/d/big_labor_special_privileges. htm Sloan, A. & Witney, F. (2011). Labor Relations, 13th Edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Learning Solutions. Thorpe, J. (2008). Employment Law: Unfair treatment at work. Retrieved from: http://www. helium. com/items/801741-employment-law-unfair-treatment-at- work | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

A dramatic way Essay

After the September 11, 2001 attack the civil aviation system of our nation was given a great deal of congressional attention. The Congress enacted the Aviation and Transportation Security Act (ATSA) on November 2001. The ATSA created the Transport Security Administration (TSA) within the Department of Transportation (DOT). The TSA was entrusted with the responsibility of ensuring security in aviation as well as other modes of transport. This agency hired a number of people for the deployment of both passengers and baggage. Explosives detection equipment was used to check the baggage. The agency is also working on the Computer-Assisted Passenger Prescreening System (CAPPS); this would use national security as well as commercial databases in order to identify passengers who could pose risk for additional screening. TSA also initiated a number of programs and research on the use of technology and information in order to advance security. The Transportation Workers Identification Card program is issued to airport workers after a background check has been conducted on them. Biometric indicators have been incorporated in them so that each worker can be positively matched to his or her credential. Though TSA takes pains to see that bombs and other threat items are not carried into the planes by the passengers on their self or in their baggage, areas such as the air cargo security, general aviation security and the airport perimeter security are still vulnerable, the air cargo is vulnerable as very little of the cargo on cargo and passenger planes are screened. Thus TSA has been advised to use a risk management approach to enhance and strengthen the air cargo security. Prior to September2001, screeners who were hired by the airlines very often failed to detect threat objects on passengers or in their carryon luggage. This could be because of insufficient training and a rapid turnover. In most of the airports the turnover exceeded 100 percent, the skilled and experienced screeners were few mainly because of low wages, few benefits and monotonous work. Moreover before September 2001 people entered the secure areas of airports, including the aircrafts as the limiting controls did not work as intended. TSA’s first and foremost responsibility was according to ATSA that of ensuring security in all modes of transportation. The security screening responsibility was also shifted to TSA. Some of the aviation security responsibility such as security of air traffic control and other computer systems remained with FAA. TSA worked to establish itself and worked at meeting the deadlines set forth by ATSA. TSA had 13 employees in January 2002. A year later it had 65,000 employees. TSA had met over 30 deadlines during 2002 to improve the aviation security. Racial profiling against the ‘young muslim male’ seems an awful idea and therefore it ought to be abolished. Still it is argued and even many minority police are of the opinion that it can be used as a statistical tool. It can be a cost effective way to tackle a certain problem e. g. most people committing X belong to Texas, then if there is a reliable way to identify people from Texas, it would certainly reduce the action X. Still it is not ethical even though police argue that they are not taking action based on any race but that they are using race as a factor to identify suspects. This is discrimination by race and religion and when such discrimination meets approval, we start heading down the slope. Besides this the practical problems are also to be met. It certainly antagonizes the group that is being profiled. The young muslim men in America would not like it and might even flare up, and it might irritate them so that they who might have helped in a terrorist investigation might just shrug their shoulders now. Moreover how many people would it affect? Numerous? Muslim looking men hail from Nigerians to Iranians to Indonesians. The muslims of Central Asia often resemble the Chinese and tree quarters of Arab Americans are Christians. It is also to be noted that even if racial profiling isn’t motivated by bigotry, over a period of time it is very likely to cause racial tension. The civilians would view all young Muslims males suspiciously, which would again inflame racial tensions. Therefore in order to preserve racial harmony an extra couple billion dollar get spent, for the security measure, it is still more worthwhile that creating disillusioned youngsters who in their anger might turn terrorists. Sources Jackson Brain A :Aptitude For Destruction: Organizational Learning in Terrorist Groups and its Implications for†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Brower Jennifer L: The Terrorist Threat and its implications for sensor technologies, Prometheus Inc.Newport . RI02840, USA 3. www. wikipedia. org 4.. Kofi Annan, Secretary General, United Nations, Keynote address to the Closing Plenary of the International Summit on Democracy, Terrorism and Security March 10 2005 5. Joan Arehart –Treichel; Terrorists’ Motives Arise From Diverse Factors Psychiatric News March 18, 2005, Volume 40, Number 6 6. Lee Tien, Electronic Frontier Foundation Senior Counsel, Sep. 27, 2001 Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act 7. Jenkins, Brian Michael: Countering the New Terrorism (199

American Nuclear Weapons Testing essays

American Nuclear Weapons Testing essays American policymakers in the late 1940s debated the very controversial topic of nuclear weapons testing on American soil. Previously, American policymakers such as Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) head Sumner Pike stated that "only a national emergency could justify testing in the United States" (Ball 27-28). As the Soviet Union and communism expanded half a world away, hostilities broke out in Korea, which authorities asserted was a national emergency that would warrant nuclear testing on American soil. Authorities within the AEC believed that to maintain nuclear superiority and preserve national security, nuclear tests would have to be conducted in the continental United States. The Nevada Test Site (NTS) was chosen for a few primary reasons: it was a flat area with little rainfall to minimize radioactive fallout, the winds traditionally blew east towards the relatively "uninhabited" portions of Nevada and Utah and away from the heavy population concentrations of the West coast (C heney 36). Nuclear weapons' testing was essential for national security, yet it was not necessary for these tests to take place within the continental United States. Testing at the Nevada Test Site began in early 1951, and within the next seven years, 90 nuclear explosions occurred in the Nevada desert. The ominous result of these tests was the distribution of radioactive particles throughout the United States with areas in eastern Nevada and southern Utah especially affected (Some Questions 1). The tests were conducted to enhance the American nuclear arsenal – the goal wasn't only to achieve the biggest bomb, it included the development of tactical nuclear devices that could be used on the battlefield against enemy troops without causing harm to friendly troops. As Glenn Cheney, a radioactivity researcher and author, comments on the nuclear arms race between the United States and the Soviet Union, "To fall behind, to become weaker, might be to practi...

Seen in the Classifieds

Seen in the Classifieds Seen in the Classifieds Seen in the Classifieds By Maeve Maddox Spelling counts, even in the classified section of a newspaper. Since people who place the ads cant depend upon someone at the paper to correct their spellings, its a good idea to be careful. Here are some spellings Ive noticed in classified ads: Dalmation pups for sale Bluehealer pups for sale Female lab spaded Duncan Fife for sale Vaccum cleaner for sale The big white dog with black spots is a Dalmatian. The name comes from the dogs presumed place of origin: the province of Dalmatia on the Adriatic Sea. Think Dalmatia and then add an n. I suppose a holy man who paints himself blue could be a blue healer, but the dog is a blue heeler. The dog was bred to herd cattle by snapping at their heels. The process of removing the ovaries of a female animal is called spaying. Such an animal has been spayed and can be called a spay. Sheriff Andys sidekick was Barney Fife, but the man who designed the furniture with the funny legs was Duncan Phyfe (1768-1854). The unusual pairing of us in vacuum should make the spelling easy to remember. The two us create a kind of vacuum in the word. Of course, even if you turn in correctly-spelled ad copy, theres always the possibility that the typesetter will make a mistake. Cant help you there. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:When to use "on" and when to use "in"Homonyms, Homophones, Homographs and HeteronymsHow to Treat Names of Groups and Organizations

Cómo tramitar green card para esposos de residentes

Cà ³mo tramitar green card para esposos de residentes   Los residentes permanentes pueden pedir los papeles de la green card para sus esposos. En la tramitacià ³n hay que seguir tres pasos: Peticià ³n al Servicio de Inmigracià ³n y Ciudadanà ­a (USCIS, por sus siglas en inglà ©s)  Espera a que el boletà ­n de visas informe de que hay visas disponiblesProcesamiento consular, si el esposo o la mujer que se pide est fuera de Estados Unidos. Este ser lo que sucede en la mayorà ­a de los casos. Pero tambià ©n es posible un  ajuste de estatus cuando el  cà ³nyuge extranjero està © legalmente en Estados Unidos. Documentos que se necesita  enviar al USCIS para iniciar el proceso de solicitud de la green card La planilla (forma)  I-130, que se descargar gratuitamente.  Dos planillas G-325A, ya que cada esposo debe completar una. Es un formulario sencillo, pero con un par de preguntas no claras. En este artà ­culo se explica paso a paso quà © rellenar en cada casilla.Una fotografà ­a muy reciente tipo pasaporte de cada esposo. Es decir, un total de dos fotografà ­as. Escribir en la parte posterior de cada foto el nombre de a quien pertenece y el alien registration number. Poner cada foto en una bolsita transparente y unir cada una con un clip al G-325A del solicitante y de la persona pedida.Prueba de que el solicitante es residente permanente legal. Es suficiente una fotocopia legible  por el derecho y por el revà ©s de la tarjeta de residencia del solicitante.  Prueba de que el solicitante y de que el extranjero para el que se pide la residencia estn casados vlidamente. Por supuesto que se admiten los matrimonios celebrados en otro paà ­s. Lo à ºnico que importa es que sean vlidos segà ºn las leyes del paà ­s en el que se hayan celebrado. Lo mismo aplica para los matrimonios entre gays y lesbianas, siendo estos los estados, naciones de las tribus  indà ­genas y paà ­ses de habla hispana donde este tipo de matrimonio es legal y es, por lo tanto, reconocido por las autoridades de inmigracià ³n de Estados Unidos.Si uno o ambos esposos han estado previamente casados, hay que presentar prueba de que el matrimonio anterior finalizà ³ por viudedad, divorcio o anulacià ³n. Mandar copia legible del certificado que asà ­ lo pruebe.Enviar el pago del arancel correspondiente mediante cheque o money order. En la actualidad, es de $420, pero verificar en la pgina del USCIS buscando filing fee  que no ha cambiado.  No se va a procesar la peticià ³n si no hay pago. Si algà ºn documento est en un idioma distinto al inglà ©s, se puede hacer una traduccià ³n certificada de la manera que se explica  en este enlace. NOTA: Enviar fotocopia legible de la documentacià ³n relativa al matrimonio y prueba de ciudadanà ­a   y residencia. En este caso en concreto si se envà ­a el original, el USCIS no tiene que devolverlo. A Inmigracià ³n sà ³lo se le pide un original cuando especà ­ficamente asà ­ lo indique  (en este caso los va a pedir ms tarde).   Muy importante: si el cà ³nyuge extranjero para el que se pide la tarjeta de residencia est ya en Estados Unidos, entonces: Puede enviarse en el mismo paquete con la documentacià ³n anterior  la solicitud para el ajuste de estatus, siempre y cuando està © legalmente en Estados Unidos. (y todas las planillas y documentacià ³n que es necesario para ello). Si se quiere, en estos casos tambià ©n se puede enviar una aplicacià ³n para un permiso de trabajo y para un advance parole. Una vez que se envà ­a la solicitud de la residencia, el cà ³nyuge extranjero no debe salir de Estados Unidos hasta tener aprobado el advance parole.   Recordar que los esposos de residentes que no estn en el paà ­s legalmente en ningà ºn caso pueden ajustar su estatus por matrimonio.   Ã‚ ¿Dà ³nde se envà ­a la documentacià ³n? Se envà ­a a un centro de recogida del USCIS que se denomina lockbox y que es diferente segà ºn el lugar de residencia del solicitante. Lo ms recomendable es enviarla utilizando el servicio de correo certificado (certified mail) de Correos. Asà ­ se recibir constancia de que lo han recibido.   Una vez llega la documentacià ³n al lockbox,  se cobra el cheque o la money order y se reenvà ­a el expediente al Centro de Servicio del USCIS que la va a tramitar. En poco tiempo se recibir un documento conocido como NOA1 con informacià ³n relevante: el nà ºmero de expediente, con el que ya se puede hacer un seguimientoel nombre del Centro de Servicio que se ocupa de la tramitacià ³n, con lo que es posible mirar en la pgina web del USCIS el tiempo aproximado que se toman en procesar este tipo de peticiones. Poco despuà ©s se recibir otra notificacià ³n: la NOA2. En esa carta se informa si la solicitud: ha sido negada, y en este caso la razà ³n. Si ese es el caso, hablar con un abogado para analizar si se puede solucionar el problema.ha sido aprobada. Eso no quiere decir que la green card se vaya a aprobar. Sà ³lo que efectivamente el solicitante y la persona a la que le pide los papeles son esposos. Adems, el NOA2 contiene una informacià ³n muy importante: la fecha de prioridad. Tiempo de espera Por  ley, el nà ºmero de residencias permanentes que se pueden aprobar por aà ±o fiscal est limitado a un nà ºmero. Y como las peticiones son ms que las residencias disponibles pues se producen atrasos. La espera acaba cuando la fecha de prioridad es anterior a dà ­a que publica el boletà ­n de visas. Aquà ­ se explica cà ³mo y cul es el boletà ­n de visas ms actual. Tener en cuenta que los esposos de residentes permanentes legales tienen la categorà ­a 2FA y que Mà ©xico puede llevar un retraso mayor que el resto de los paà ­ses de Latinoamà ©rica y Espaà ±a. Cuando hay un nà ºmero de visa disponible: fase final de la tramitacià ³n Se acaba la espera y se reanuda la tramitacià ³n. Si el cà ³nyuge extranjero est en EEUU legalmente se inicia el ajuste de estatus (en este artà ­culo no se especifica sobre este trmite porque son muy pocos los casos en esta situacià ³n) Si el cà ³nyuge extranjero est fuera de Estados Unidos se inicia el procedimiento consular. En esta fase la iniciativa la lleva siempre las autoridades de Inmigracià ³n, primero el Centro Nacional de Visas y luego el consulado. Responder siempre en el plazo  que dicen y enviar toda la documentacià ³n. En general, estos son los pasos: El NVC con ambos esposos, separadamente. Correspondencia con el residente que pide los papeles   Factura para pagar por el affidavà ­t of support.  Tras el pago pago, enviar  para llenar el  affidavit. Este documento es esencial.  Estas son las posibilidades:I-864EZ, cuando se tienen  ingresos por encima de la là ­nea de la pobreza sin necesidad de recurrir a patrimonio  ni a co-patrocinadores.I-864, cuando necesita  ingresos y patrimonio (assets) o un  co-patrocinador que no reside fuera de la casa de familiar (por ejemplo, un amigo, o un hermano).I-864A, debe presentarse conjuntamente con el I-864 cuando se necesita el apoyo econà ³mico de una persona que vive en el mismo hogar familiar que el solicitante.I-864W, cuando  no es necesario presentar el affidavit of support porque los esposos llevan muchos aà ±os de casados. Correspondencia del NVC con la persona para la que se piden los papeles El formulario DS-261.  Despuà ©s de que el NVC recibe el pago, envà ­a la factura   de la tarifa de la visa de inmigrante.  Despuà ©s de pagar esa cuota, se llenan las planillas del  DS-260, Parte I   parte II.Examen mà ©dico en el lugar donde se seà ±ale.Cita para las  huellas digitales. Se le enviarn al FBI y a otras agencias de seguridad. Si no hay rà ©cord criminal, el consulado continuar con la tramitacià ³n. Quà © documentos hay que llevar a la entrevista en el consulado El  consulado enviar citar un dà ­a y una hora en concreto a la persona pedida. En la citacià ³n se  informar de quà © hay que llevar. Seguir al pie de la letra las instrucciones. Pedirn, como mà ­nimo: Documentos que sirven de prueba de todos lo que se dijo en el  affidavit of supportResultados del examen mà ©dico, que han de estar en un sobre sin abrirCertificado de nacimiento (original y una fotocopia)Certificado de matrimonio (original y una fotocopia)Certificado de divorcio, nulidad o viudedad, si se estuvo previamente casado  (original y fotocopia)Pasaporte vlidoLa carta del USCIS en la que se aprueba la peticià ³n del formulario I-130 (Form I-797)Dos fotografà ­as a color y muy recientes  tipo pasaporteCertificados policiales de todos los paà ­ses en los que se ha vivido, si dichos paà ­ses los dan. Y si los hay, rà ©cords militares (por ejemplo, si se sirvià ³ en el Ejà ©rcito), de condenas, de haber pasado tiempo en prisià ³n, de cortes.Documentos que sirven para acreditar que el matrimonio es verdadero. Despuà ©s de la entrevista El oficial consular puede rechazar la visa para la green card o aprobarla. Tener presente que es una visa, no es la residencia permanente  per se. Es una visa y se entrega un sobre que no se puede abrir. Sà ³lo puede hacerlo el inspector de Inmigracià ³n al llegar a un puerto, aeropuerto o frontera terrestre de los Estados Unidos. Se tienen seis meses para entrar en Estados Unidos.   Y una vez que se ingresa el inspector sella el pasaporte con una tarjeta de residencia verdadera. Y en unos meses llegar por correo la de plstico.

Research paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Research paper - Essay Example They proposed the need for a deception theory that could offer some explanation on how deceivers and detectors interact with each other during deception, how deceivers strategically lie, how deceivers and detectors mutually affect each other’s strategies, and how the situation further shapes the deception exchange (Griffin, 2009, p.99). They called this theory the Interpersonal Deception Theory (IDT), which they developed during the 1990s. IDT has 18 propositions that generally assume that interpersonal communication is interactive, and that strategic deception requires significant mental effort of being aware of unconscious nonverbal cues that may signal their real state of mind (also called leakage) (Griffin, 2009, p.100). The purpose of the paper is to describe and to examine IDT’s theoretical conditions and standards. It employs a number of scholarly articles and Griffin’s (2009) book, A First Look at Communication Theory, to analyze the strengths and limitations of IDT as a communication theory. IDT is socio-psychological theory in objective territory. IDT is a good communication theory because it generally satisfies the six standards of good objective theories, though with some limitations. IDT cannot fully explain underlying mechanisms; it is complex and not parsimonious; and it cannot predict various other deceptive strategies and interactions. The main authors of IDT are David Buller and Judee Burgoon. They are both professors of Communication at the University of Arizona. They defined deception as â€Å"a message knowingly transmitted by a sender to foster a false belief or conclusion by the deceiver† (Griffin, 2009, p.98). They assumed that deception is not a one-way process because detectors’ relationships with deceivers and how they react to the latter during the deception process impact the strategic maneuvering and success of deceivers (Levine et al.,

Healthy People 2010--Obesity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

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Financial economics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Financial economics - Assignment Example Most investors as well as investment managers always assume that they can pick securities which can beat the market. As such, they always utilize available public information when making promising investment decisions. According to Lengwiler (2004), when investing, shareholders utilize financial information as their core decision-making tool. That is, if a market is termed as efficient, shareholders will purchase the security most probably at its present market price, though depending on accessible public market information. Consequently, investors who purchase other securities or the stock perceive that market information as an indispensible appraisal. Market efficiency commands that any market price of a security indicates the consensus projection of the market value of such security. As such, efficient market is can only be achieved if the security price is a replica of the accessible public market information. That is, information concerning the economy, financial markets, and th e specific companies involved. However, as a consequence, the market prices of such securities adjust very swiftly to fresh market information. In Finland Stock Exchange (FSE), it was affirmed that the market did not exhibits weak-form market efficiency since stakeholders are capable of utilizing the time series data concerning prior stock prices to differentiate the design of price changes when forecasting prospective stock return. To establish if variation in current stock price is not caused by changes in prior stock prices is our concern. As an effort to tests, with regards to data from Finland`s Stock Exchange, how market prices exhibit weak-form efficiency, a variance ratio test, nested if instructions, and run test was done on past and present stock price. This was done by investigating whether market value data, liquidity data, debt data, and profitability data have any effect on future stock returns. By collecting the data of various companies listed in

The Financial Crisis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Financial Crisis - Essay Example Bankers blame the public for their exuberant enthusiasm that created the fragile real estate bubble that was destined to burst. The people blamed the Congress for their inaction, while Democrats blamed Republicans and Republicans blamed the Democrats. No matter where the weakness in the system was, it was the government's failure to act in a prudent and timely fashion to stem the rising tide of waste, abuse, and corruption. At the core of the economic problems that are facing the US today is the weakness caused by an escalating national debt and the political reality of a public that has a growing concern over their scarce tax dollars. Had the government implemented a balanced budget in the recent years, or if money had been wisely invested to create jobs in the economy, taxpayers and conservatives might be more willing to manage a multi-billion dollar loan to the auto industry. However, a failed policy in Iraq has left the people with a bill that could top $3 trillion in the near future (Bilmes and Stiglitz B06). This is money that can't be used for building infrastructure or investing in much needed education. The government has failed by squandering trillions of dollars on what amounts to a handful of magic beans. The government further allowed the economic system to go into decline by failing to adequately regulate the banking and insurance systems that had become rife with abuse and

History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 86

History - Essay Example Critical thinking is paramount in our day to day lives and provides us with an intellectual approach that facilitates us to choose from the available kind of information what is relevant and applicable in our lives and leave out the rest. The class has enabled me to look at present day as a stepping stone onto the future and that fifteen years from now, the world will have undergone massive transformations ranging from health, infrastructure and the general well being of society (Fea, 2013). Lastly, understanding historical events is essential for effective understanding of the condition of man. This will permit man to build and may also be important in initiating change upon a secured foundation. The most significant determinant of history is time. Time creates history and history exists because of time. And in conclusion, history is situated in time-space, which anchors the cosmos together, framing both the past as well as the present (Fea,

The Financial Crisis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Financial Crisis - Essay Example Bankers blame the public for their exuberant enthusiasm that created the fragile real estate bubble that was destined to burst. The people blamed the Congress for their inaction, while Democrats blamed Republicans and Republicans blamed the Democrats. No matter where the weakness in the system was, it was the government's failure to act in a prudent and timely fashion to stem the rising tide of waste, abuse, and corruption. At the core of the economic problems that are facing the US today is the weakness caused by an escalating national debt and the political reality of a public that has a growing concern over their scarce tax dollars. Had the government implemented a balanced budget in the recent years, or if money had been wisely invested to create jobs in the economy, taxpayers and conservatives might be more willing to manage a multi-billion dollar loan to the auto industry. However, a failed policy in Iraq has left the people with a bill that could top $3 trillion in the near future (Bilmes and Stiglitz B06). This is money that can't be used for building infrastructure or investing in much needed education. The government has failed by squandering trillions of dollars on what amounts to a handful of magic beans. The government further allowed the economic system to go into decline by failing to adequately regulate the banking and insurance systems that had become rife with abuse and

The layout and operation of a piston engine Assignment

The layout and operation of a piston engine - Assignment Example 1. Stationery parts These include all parts that hold the engine in place and resist the motion of the entire structure due to moments created by the dynamic moving parts. Source: Griffiths Denis, 1997 It also houses the jackets for the cylinder cooling system and the sump for storing the engine lubricating oil. Some of these parts include (i) Bed Plate- The main functions of the bedplate includes providing a support for the main engine bearing and provides a cover space for the lower portion of the crankcase. The sump for the lubricating oil is also contained in this area. (Anderson Henrik, 2007) (ii) Main Bearings- This supports the crankshaft and takes up the load that is transmitted from the piston onto the crankshaft. Explosions or unequal generation of torque can affect the bearing severely which can be easily replaced thus preventing replacement of the entire crankshaft.( Calder Nigel, 1987) Source: RTA84T Sulzer Engine, 2004 (iii) Frame- This houses the entire upper portion o f the crankcase and provides stability to the cylinder block. In marine engines these are also referred to as the ‘A’ Frame. ... ource: RTA84T Sulzer Engine, Liner 2004 (vi) Cylinder Heads- This is the top portion of the cylinder liner and seals the liner thus creating a confined space required for combustion. (vii) Valves or Ports- The function of valves or ports is to allow the entry of fresh air required for combustion and to allow the exit of exhaust gas after the combustion is over. Valves are an additional entity usually housed on top of the cylinder head while ports are holes and openings situated on the cylinder liner which open or close according to the position of the piston skirt with respect to the cylinder liner. (Calder Nigel, 1987) 2. Moving Parts (i) Piston- The face of the piston acts as the other end of the confined space in which combustion occurs. The piston slides in and out of the cylinder contributing to each stroke of the engine. To prevent metal to metal contact between the liner and the piston sides a small clearance is maintained; the sealing achieved by a number of sealing rings hou sed in grooves at the upper end of the piston. The sealing ring prevents the air or exhaust gas from passing on to the underside of the piston. The bottom end of piston is called the ‘skirt’ while the upper portion is called the ‘crown’. Source:RTA84T Sulzer Engine,Pistons, 2004 (ii) Connecting rod- The connecting rod can be construed as a bar which has bearings at both ends. It acts as an interface between the piston and the crankshaft. The thrust developed on the piston is transmitted to the crankshaft via the connecting rod. (Anderson Henrik, 2007) (iii) Connecting Rod Bolts- The connecting rod connected to the crankpin of the crankshaft has a split bottom end. This split end is held in place by these bolts. (iv) Crankshaft- The reciprocating motion of the piston in the cylinder

Stewardship versus economic decision making in financial reporting

Stewardship versus economic decision making in financial reporting The main objective of financial reporting according to the IASBs Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statements framework is that of providing adequate information in order to enable shareholders conduct economic decision making. This brought the debate of whether such objective neglected the importance of the stewardship assessment by the part of shareholders. In the past decade the IASB and the US FASB have been working on a joint project to develop a conceptual framework for financial reporting. Such conceptual framework has the aim of providing a base for developing harmonised, future accounting standards. In 2008, the boards issued an exposure draft of chapter one and chapter two of the conceptual framework with chapter one tackling the objectives of financial reporting. In the exposure draft that has been lately issued by the two boards, it was identified that the objective of financial reporting should be that of catering for all the decisions that capital providers make, including both resource allocation decisions and decisions made to protect and enhance their investments. Furthermore on the underlying exposure draft there is stated that information about the stewardship of an entitys economic resources should be considered as decision-useful information. Hence in this exposure draft it is clear that the two boards shifted from focusing solely on economic decision making, to general decision making, with stewardship being included in such broader definition. Although this move to focus on decision usefulness rather than specifically on economic decision making was a means to subsume stewardship in the objective of financial reporting, authors such as Andrew Lennard still argue that stewardship and decision usefulness should be recognised as separate objectives. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦stewardship contributes an important dimension to financial reporting, which should be reflected by specific acknowledgement in the objectives of financial reporting.  [1]   The majority of the authors who recognise stewardship as a fundamental objective in financial reporting, claim that financial statements should be prepared on the basis of historical costs. This ensures in providing a clear, factual account of the transactions that occurred during the year, over which management had control. Thus reporting on historical cost can aid shareholders accomplish their stewardship assessment needs better. On the other hand, to cater for decision usefulness, especially in terms of economic decision making, financial reporting would focus more on the forecasting of future cash flows. Such objective would be better addressed with valuations based on market values, since they better reflect the timing and certainty of future cash flows. This is leading to the emergence of valuation techniques based on current values, such as fair value. The adoption of fair value accounting is perhaps one of the most controversial issues currently being faced by the accountancy world. Both the IASB and the FASB have been working on this issue for the last couple years. Traditionally, financial reporting has been exclusively based on historical costs. The use of current values, such as fair value reporting emerged relatively recently, and was applied to only few selected areas. One of the areas where fair value had a major influence is in the measurement of financial instrument. Using market values to value Financial Instruments is deemed to be reliable (since markets in these items are well developed) and relevant (because the values of financial instruments can experience large fluctuations, thus historical costs depicts a very poor picture of current values). However, in the nearby future, fair value measurement is likely to be extended to other assets, especially in the light of the fact of the IASBs and FASBs perceived preferenc e for fair value measurement even where the market is not well developed. The IASB believes that fair value measurement under IFRS and GAAP is already consistent. Also, the IASB and the FASB will continue to work together to ensure that applying fair value in an inactive market is accounted for consistently  [2]  . Shareholders are divided into two main categories, private individuals and institutional investors. Although financial reporting is designed to cater for the needs of capital providers, due to the lack of knowledge commonly found within private individual shareholders, concerns may arise on what such private individual shareholders identify as useful, for their decision making. Need for the study: The dissertations objective is to identify the current needs of private shareholders and what they identify as valuable information. The dissertation shall then examine to what extent the focus on decision usefulness and the forecasting of future cash flows through fair value accounting shall aid private shareholders in satisfying their requirements. Research Methodology: The dissertation will be of a qualitative nature. The aim of such dissertation is to achieve a deep understanding of what local private shareholders value as relevant information, and to examine whether the emerging concept of fair value accounting will be providing such users more relevant accounting information. The aim of the study is not to generalise findings but to obtain rich description on the underlying topic. The method being taken into consideration to gather the qualitative data is the setting up of focus groups with shareholders. Such group discussions provide direct evidence about similarities and differences in participants opinions. Participants are not required to answer for every question enabling them to build on one anothers response. Furthermore by acting as a moderator I can ensure that the discussion is always kept on track. Finally, focus groups can be considered as a more plausible solution when compared to open ended interviews with shareholders. The response rate of shareholders to a focus group is likely to be greater when compared to a personal one on one interview, since the latter is perceived as more intrusive. The main limitation of using focus groups is perhaps the risk that people influence each others response. As a result the response of participants can be different than the response that would have been generated from a private one on one interview. Shareholders from two local, listed companies are going to be considered as the population sample. These companies are Bank of Valletta and HSBC. The choice fell on these companies because due to the recent changes to IAS 39 and IFRS 7, fair value measurement had a considerable impact on the banking sector. Thereby, due to such fact shareholders can be even more concerned and affected with the underlying subject. Two focus groups are planned to be set, one with BOV shareholders and one with HSBC shareholders, with groups ranging from six to twelve members. Shareholders list can be obtained from the Malta Financial Services Authority. The sampled population will exclude overseas shareholders, trusts and investment companies, thus focusing solely on local private shareholders. Chapters Overview: Introduction: firstly the stewardship versus economic decision making debate will be tackled, and its effects on valuation on financial reporting will be analysed. The dissertation shall then focus on the emergence of fair value as a measurement tool and its prospective usage. Furthermore fair value will be compared and contrasted with cost based valuation. The introduction will also include an examination of how each valuation method caters for the individual private shareholders requirements. Literature Review: literature review can be focused on two aspects being the debate of fair value measurement versus cost based measurement, and the debate of whether private shareholders use accounting information mostly for economic decision making, or to assess stewardship. Research Methodology: in this section I shall describe how the results were achieved, explaining how the data was collected and analyzed. This section shall contain the weaknesses and limitations of the research methods and methodology used. In the methodology I shall also include any problems that I anticipated and explain any steps taken to prevent them from occurring. Findings: this part of dissertation will contain the information generated from the focus groups. Results will be presented, interpreted and discussed in this section. Conclusion: this part will provide concluding insights on the research, and recommendations of other research questions that can be tackled to improve the research on the area. The main questions to be answered in this section are: what has been learnt from the results? How can this knowledge be used? What are the shortcomings of the research? Bibliography: Accounting Standards Board. (2007). STEWARDSHIP/ACCOUNTABILITY AS AN OBJECTIVE OF FINANCIAL REPORTING A comment on the IASB/FASB Conceptual Framework Project. UK: Accounting Standards Board. Alan Bryman, E. B. (2007). Business Research Methods 2 edition. UK: Oxford University Press. Doron Nissim, S. P. (2007). ON THE APPLICATION OF FAIR VALUE ACCOUNTING. Columbia Univesity. Lennard, A. (2008). Stewardship and the objectives of financial statements: a comment on IASBs Preliminary Views on an improved Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting. UK: Accounting Standards Board. RONEN, J. (2008). To Fair Value or Not to Fair Value: A Broader Perspective. Accounting Foundation , Sydney. Schmidt, S. (2004). Fair Value Accounting. US: Governors of Federal Reserve System. Whittington, G. (2008). Fair Value and the IASB/FASB Conceptual Framework Project: An Alternative View . Cambridge: University of Cambridge.

Running on Faith (eric clapton Biography) :: essays research papers

When comparing my free write with the writing diagnostic prompt, it gave me a chance to reminisce on how I became a scribe. To know how to write, one also needs to know how to read. My reading abilities, like most of my peers started in pre-school learning the ABC’s. After learning the basic’s it was in infinite sprint to soak up the knowledge of the world. Over the years, I can credit my parents, teachers, and many books for instilling the knowledge I would need to read and write.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  My memories of reading started around the ages of three to five. I can recall the first time I read a book by myself. I was ecstatic. My favorite early child-hood book was with out a doubt Curious George. I had a positive memory of reading. It was not a hard concept for me to grasp. I loved reading anything I could get my hands on. That included newspaper and magazines. I also learned a lot by reading other people. For instance my Dad, he taught me so much about life and what it takes to succeed. He instilled the will to read and learn.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Writing†¦. writing for me is a never-ending struggle to perfect the English language, dialect, sentence structure and any other way I can possibly butcher my native tongue on paper. With so many ways to put ideas on paper, the English language is one of the most free-spirited yet, hardest languages to write. I look at myself as a writer of raw talent, one that needs to be harness to achieve great ideas. My major is pre-journalism, which requires tons of writing, so learning to polish my skills is a big plus at my age right now. I have taken many classes to try and improve my overall writing abilities. In High school I took English AP my junior year, also I did a television class to help write for newscast on the local news station and for the school. I would consider those positive aspects of my writings. One reason is because it was made into a fun style that I really enjoyed. Reading and writing is what one wants is willing to make of it, How many hours of practice will grant one in return a better understanding of the English language.

Looking Backward by Edward Bellamy Essay -- utopia, insomia patient, go

Essay Option 2: Looking Backward: Government and power imbalance from 1887 – 2000 The vision and ideas in Bellamy’s book Looking Backward that stronger government would create a utopian society were mainly related to the power imbalance developing in the gilded age, the ideas of social theorists like Henry George, workers’ rights movements known as unions and the actions of government leaders in the 19th century. In Bellamy’s book, a major theme in Julian’s journey through the year 2000 and throughout the comparison between 1887 and 2000 is that there is a vision of strong government control over multiple aspects of life more so in the dream 2000 than had been in 1887. Many of those included jobs, education, shopping and business related commercial aspects and people’s daily lives. The most important aspects of life that the government controlled were Jobs and Education because without those, there is no society. Looking Backward is about Julian West, a thirty-year-old insomnia patient born into the 1800’s. During the 19th century, the majority of the world was impoverished and the wealthy people wanted to help but they believed that there was no way to do so without losing their wealth. Julian planned to marry his fiancà ©, Edith Bartlett when their house was built but there were many builder strikes going on at the time and the house wasn’t going to be built for another year. Decoration day was a holiday that had honored union workers and Julian celebrated this holiday with Edith’s family. Due to Julian’s insomnia, he had built a secret sleeping chamber underground to aid in proper sleep. Dr. Pillsbury put Julian to sleep every night but was offered a new job and had to leave. Julian was in such a deep sleep that night and wa... ...d age, the ideas of social theorists like Henry George, workers’ rights movements known as unions and the actions of government leaders in the 19th century. In Bellamy’s book, a major theme in Julian’s journey through the year 2000 and throughout the comparison between 1887 and 2000 is that there is a vision of strong government control over multiple aspects of life more so in the dream 2000 than had been in 1887. Many of those included jobs, education, shopping and business related commercial aspects and people’s daily lives. After looking deeper into the book, the most important and frequently mentioned aspects of life were Jobs and Education because without those, there is no ability to have a higher functioning society beyond poverty and day laborers. Works Cited 1. Edward Bellamy, Looking Backward: 2000 to 1887 2. Retrieving the American Past

#15 Synthesis of Ethyl Salicylate from Salicylic Acid

#15 Synthesis of Ethyl Salicylate from Salicylic Acid ____________________________________________________________ _______________ Purpose: Salicylic acid is converted to the liquid ethyl salicylate by addition of ethanol. Yields of salicylic acid (week 1) and ethyl salicylate will be found, as well as the overall yield of the 2-step conversion of acetyl salicylic acid to ethyl salicylate. Introduction: Esters are formed from the reaction of acids and alcohols: O O || || R-C-OH + HO-R’ > R-C-OR’ + H2O cid alcohol ester water The pleasant smelling oil of ethyl salicylate is made by reacting salicylic acid (week 1) with excess ethanol. An acid catalyst is also needed. salicylic acid (SA) ethanol ethyl salicylate (ES) The overall yield is determined from multiplying yields of the two reactions: 1. ASA + HCl(aq) >SA and 2. SA + ethanol > ES + water Apparatus The reaction takes place by refluxing (gentle boiling) in a 100-mL round bottom flask. This time the ice-cooled conde nser is essential, otherwise the ethanol reactant (b. . 79? C) would evaporate before the reaction was over. Melting points of acetyl salicylic acid and salicylic acid (dried from week 1) are taken with MelTemp devices. If you have never used one your instructor will demonstrate. MelTemp C OH O OH H OC H2CH3 H + C OH O + OCH2CH3 + H2O2 Procedure Part A: Esterification of Salicylic Acid with Ethanol 1. Before starting remove a spatulaful (that will be < 0. 1 g) of SA (salicylic acid) and place in a labeled plastic vial to use for melting points. 2. In a 100 mL round bottom flask, mix at least 5 g dry salicylic acid (0. 43 mol) with 20 mL 100% ethanol. The salicylic acid should be weighed out to two decimal places and recorded on the data sheet. The alcohol is in excess. It can be poured from a graduated cylinder, and should not be scaled down. Note: Use more salicylic acid if you have more from the first week. You should have between 7 and 8 g. Adjust amount of ethanol accordingly, s ay to 30 mL. 3. Add approximately 1/2 gram of boric acid catalyst that we use as a substitute for concentrated sulfuric acid in this particular esterification. 4. Place entire assembly on a hot plate and heat until the alcohol is boiling. A setting of around 3 on the hot plate can be tried and then adjusted up or down as needed. You may need to add more ice. Note: While the refluxing is taking place, you can work on Part B, in which the materials you have already made are characterized by taking their melting points. 5. Reflux for a minimum of 1 hour and 30 minutes or longer as time allows. Cool until the flask is no longer hot, then in an ice bath, until the mixture is at room temperature. Transfer to a clean separatory funnel. 6. Add 10 mL 2M NaOH(aq) . The mixture turns milky as approximately 2-3 mL of ester appears at once as an insoluble bottom layer. Ethyl salicylate is an oily liquid with a density of 1. 1 g/mL. Wait a few minutes until the cloudy emulsion begins to clear up. You can estimate the yield by marking the funnel and measuring an equal volume of water. Record this. You will probably get about 1/2 mL for every 1 gram of salicylic acid. 7. You should be able to recover about 1. 5 mL of the ester oil by separating the layers using a separatory funnel. Allow the bottom layer to pour into a vial. This layer contains mostly ethyl salicylate and should have a very pleasant odor, something like wintergreen. It will also include a little NaOH solution and thus will not be clear and sparkling. If you have enough liquid you can attempt the next step. 8. Dry by mixing with a small amount of anhydrous magnesium sulfate. See your instructor to get help with this. Pour off the clear ethyl salicylate. 3 Part B: Melting Points 1. Measure melting points of the dry acetyl salicylic acid and the salicylic acid using the small samples reserved for this purpose. Record on data sheet and compare with literature values. Part C: Yields 1. The 50 aspirin tablets contained 16. 25 g ASA. To estimate yields in your next 2 reactions, assume the wet ASA you used contained 12 g ASA. Then from the mass of dry salicylic acid obtained find the yield of salicylic acid. 2. Convert the volume of ethyl salycilate to grams using the density, 1. 1 g/mL. Record. Estimate yield of ethyl salicylate from salicylic acid and record, retaining just 2 significant figures. 3. Find the overall yield of the two-step process: Step 1: Acetyl salicylic acid (ASA) to salicylic acid (SA) Step 2: Salicylic acid (SA) to ethyl salicylate (ES)4 Data and Results (yield of ethyl salicylate) Name(s) ____________________________________________________________ ____ Part B: Melting Points Compound Measured Melting Point (? C) Literature Value (? C) Acetyl Salicylic Acid 134 – 135 Salicylic Acid 158 – 160 Yields: Assuming ASA (from extraction of 50 aspirin tablets) = 12 g SA (from hydrolysis of ASA) ______ g Reactant SA esterified: ______ (usually most of the amount above) Approximate volume of ethyl salicylate: _______ mL (density ES = 1. 1 g/mL) Mass ethyl salicylate ________g Maximum g SA: Maximum g ES: Enter amounts where indicated in the table below and find the yields. Reaction Reactant > Product Mass Reactant (g) Mass Product (g) Maximum Mass Product (g) Actual Yield % ( 2 sig. figures) ASA > SA 12 g ASA* g SA g SA SA > ES g SA g ES g ES *Assuming 75% extraction yeild. Overall Yield for 2 steps (product of 2 yields above) : Questions: 1. Recalculate the overall yield for a three-step process including the 75% extraction. 2. The synthesis of a new drug may require as many as 30 steps, some of which produce much less than 90% yields. Comment on this (without doing any calculations). ____________________________________________________________ _______________5 Instructor’s Guide Ethyl Salicylate Part B: Melting Points Compound Measured Melting Point (? C) Literature Value (? C) Acetyl Salicylic Acid 134 134 – 135 Salicylic Acid 159 158 – 160 Yields: Assuming ASA (from extraction of 50 aspirin tablets) = 12 g SA (from hydrolysis of ASA) 7. 3 g Reactant SA esterified: 7. 0 g (usually most of the amount above) Approximate volume of ethyl salicylate: 3. 0 mL (density ES = 1. 1 g/mL) Mass ethyl salicylate 3. 3 g Maximum g SA: 10 g ASA x 1 mol ASA x 1 mol SA x 138 g SA = 9. 2 g SA 180 g ASA 1 mol ASA 1 mol SA Maximum g ES: 7. g SA x 1 mol SA x 1 mol ES x 166 g ES = 8. 4 g ES 138 g SA 1 mol SA 1 mol ES Enter amounts where indicated in the table below and find the yields. Reaction Reactant > Product Mass Reactant (g) Mass Product (g) Maximum Mass Product (g) Actual Yield % ( 2 sig. figures) ASA > SA 12 g ASA* 9. 2 g SA 7. 3 g SA 79% SA > ES 7. 0 g SA 8. 4 g ES 3. 3 g ES 39% *Assuming 75% extraction yeild. Overall Yield for 2 steps (product of 2 yields above): 0. 79 x 0. 39 x 100 = 31% Questions: 1. Recalculate the overall yield for a three-step process including the 75% extraction. 2. The synthesis of a new drug may require as many as 30 steps, some of which produce much less than 90% yields. Comment on this (without doing any calculations). ____________________________________________________________ _______________ 1. Overall yield = 0. 75 x 0. 79 x 0. 39 x 100 = 23% 2. The yield would be very very small, making this an expensive process. 6 Instructor’s Guide Ethyl Salicylate(cont'd) Time: maximum Equipment and Materials: per group Items Number Comment stir/hot plates 1 stir bars 1 00-mL round bottom flasks 1 Weighing papers 1 pack per class Ice 50-mL graduates 1 Top loading balance 2 per class With power supply MelTemps 2 per class thermometer 2 per class For Meltemp m. p. tubes (closed) 50 per class 250-mL beakers 1 for water heating bath Microscale glass clamp 1 (yellow) ice-cooled condensers 1 Ring stand 1 Ring stand clamp 1 separatory funnels 1 boric acid 5 g per class antifungal agent spoon spatulas 1 100% ethanol 1 L per class 2 M NaOH 50 mL magnesium sulfate 10 g per class Epsom salts Safety glasses 1 per student Rubber gloves 1 box per class7 Ideas/ Information We make ethyl rather than methyl salicylate, because methanol is toxic. Under Part A. 3. Note: This experiment was designed to be done using household chemicals. Although Science in Motion can provide concentrated sulfuric acid, we have decided that it is too dangerous to handle. Under Part C. 1. Note: Repeated extractions were done in our lab. They all gave about 75% yields and about 12 g dry ASA. 2M NaOH solution could be prepared by adding solid NaOH to a volumetric flask and then diluting with distilled water to the mark on the flask. Molarity mol/L g NaOH for 1 L solution g NaOH 500 mL solution 2 80 40