A Report By Mother Jones Reporter Shane Bauer Essay

A June 2016 report by Mother Jones reporter Shane Bauer, who worked as a prison guard for four months to research his article, says that one fifth of prison inmates have been physically assaulted by another prisoner or a guard. Between 3% and 9% of male inmates say they have been sexually assaulted behind bars suggesting that up to 180,000 current inmates may have been sexually assaulted of which only 8,800 cases have been officially reported. Women, who form 7% of the total prison population, have higher figures for sexual victimization. Some 22% of all cases of inmate-on-inmate and 33% of staff-on-inmate sexual assaults are on women (Bauer, 2016). Until the early 1970s, the sentencing of crime convicts was based on the principle of rehabilitation of juvenile and adult offenders. Legislatures set maximum authorized sentences for various types of crimes and judges decided on the prison term or probation or fines. Correctional officials and parole boards had the powers to reduce the t ime served for good behavior and release prisoners early. In the 1980s and 1990s, the emphasis shifted to deterrence by imposing mandatory minimum sentences for certain types of crime, heavier sentences for habitual offenders and the â€Å"three-strike† rule for felony convictions. Public opinion supported these changes in the belief that prison terms were just retribution for crimes and incarceration kept criminals off the streets (Mackenzie, 2001). These changes have led to the USShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesEditorial Director: Sally Yagan Director of Editorial Services: Ashley Santora Acquisitions Editor: Brian Mickelson Editorial Project Manager: Sarah Holle Editorial Assistant: Ashlee Bradbury VP Director of Marketing: Patrice Lumumba Jones Senior Marketing Manager: Nikki Ayana Jones Senior Managing Editor: Judy Leale Production Project Manager: B ecca Groves Senior Operations Supervisor: Arnold Vila Operations Specialist: Cathleen Petersen Senior Art Director: Janet Slowik Art Director: Kenny Beck TextRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesLevels What are the skill implications of this vast spread of technology? For one, employees’ job skill requirements will increase.15 Workers will need the ability to read and comprehend software and hardware manuals, technical journals, and detailed reports. Another implication is that technology tends to level the competitive playing field.16 It provides organizations, no matter their size or market power, with the ability to innovate, bring products to market rapidly, and respond to customer requests

Reconstruction During The Civil War Essay - 1676 Words

Reconstruction The United States went through many changes after the Civil War and during the Reconstruction period of 1866-1877. Before Abraham Lincoln was assassinated on December, 1863, by John Wilkes, Lincoln announced the first Reconstruction plan a year before the Civil War had ended and Lincoln offered general amnesty to white southerners who would pledge an oath of loyalty to the government and accept the abolition of slavery. During the summer of 1865, Johnson not long after he took office had revealed his plan for Reconstruction or as he preferred to call it â€Å"Restoration,† which reflected both his staunch Unionism and his firm belief in states’ rights. He offered some form of amnesty to Southerners who would take the oath of allegiance. In 1865 and 1866, under the administration of President Andrew Johnson new southern state legislatures passed restrictive â€Å"black codes† to control the labor and behavior of former slaves and other African Americans. North outraged over these codes eroded support which led to the triumph of the more radical wing of the Republican Party and the approach known as Presidential Reconstruction. During Radical Reconstruction which began in 1866, and for the first time in American history, blacks gained a voice in government and they won elections to southern state legislatures and even to the U.S. Congress. In less than a decade, however, reactionary forces–including the Ku Klux Klan–would reverse the changes wrought by RadicalShow MoreRelatedReconstruction Of Reconstruction During The Civil War883 Words   |  4 Pages Describe and analyze Reconstruction. Did Reconstruction have any successes? The end of civil war in the United States of America brought about many problems, in particular for the South. Some of the problems were political, economic decay and social disorder. The war destroyed the plantations and crops thus causing many to starve to death while others became homeless. The reconstruction became the only hope for the people. Radical reconstruction began in 1867, which enabled the freed black menRead MoreReconstruction During The Civil War966 Words   |  4 Pages Reconstruction is a time period after the Civil War ended in 1877. We view it as something that resembles a transformation, shifts in the southern U.S. after the Civil War. This was when slavery inequality, some political, economic, and social issues were, in some ways, balanced. The categories of issues that arose throughout this â€Å"restoration† were aspects such as involving the Confederacy into the Union, abolishing along with figuring out what to do with our free blacks, and addressing conflictRead MoreReconstruction During The Civil War972 Words   |  4 PagesThere was a transformation period after the Civil War called the reconstruction during the years 1863 to 1877. The reconstruction was the rebuilding of the United States, mainly in the South. There were three major types of reconstruction, which were political, physical, and social. The political reconstruction allowed some African Americans to vote; however, they had to be literate in order to take the Oath tes t. Not many African Americans knew how to read and write, because they were slaves andRead MoreReconstruction During The Civil War1487 Words   |  6 PagesReconstruction was the period when America was figuring out on issues pertaining to who was an American, what rights an American should enjoy and what rights other Americans were exercising. The post bellum period was a period after the civil war that had affected the United States of America. This conflict had mostly taken place in the south and therefore the people there were the for the most part affected by this warfare. After the civil war, racism was still a threat and a struggle for the nationRead MoreReconstruction During The Civil War864 Words   |  4 PagesIn hindsight it is sometimes claimed that Reconstruction was a failure. Although there was some good that came out of the Reconstruction it was mostly just a relentless uphill battle against Southerners and immoral politicians that were here to delay change and kee p racism alive. Reconstruction brought the Ku Klux Klan who displayed great resistance, and poverty that swept the South once the blacks were freed. The freedom of these black slaves led to discriminatory legislatures such as the BlackRead MoreReconstruction During The Civil War1892 Words   |  8 PagesReconstruction Over the course of America’s existence, it has acquired many successes and failures. Over time there have been a large number of accomplishments that have made the world a greater good, but there have also been phases of turmoil and tragedy. The Reconstruction period after the Civil War is a prime example of a complete failure. The Reconstruction period consisted of many goals and ideas that Americans planned to achieve in their country after being torn apart from the Civil War.Read MoreEducation During Reconstruction During The Civil War918 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Education during Reconstruction† In the south before during and after the reconstruction was a time for educational growth. Many states were just beginning to provide public education. The education system was trialed and errored to become the system that we know today during this era. The civil war brought separation of races but also families, the radical republicans stressed education during the reconstruction to avert the attention of the people from the war and racial issues. BeforeRead MoreThe Reconstruction Era During The Civil War1370 Words   |  6 PagesThe Reconstruction Era beginning in 1865 marked the period where white men and recently freed African Americans quarreled over the concept of equality on the basis of race as well as where freedom extended to. After the Civil War, there was a power struggle between the Republican and Democratic parties as they had extremely distinct ideas on whether African Americans should be free and hold citizen rights. African Americans were able to achieve citizenship as well as have equality through the 14thRead MoreThe Era Of Reconstruction During The Civil War1630 Words   |  7 Pageswas imposed by the white people. This contradiction is emblematic of the African-American experience. The era of reconstruction was a short-term success, a medium-term failure, and a foundation for the long-term successes of the civil rights movement in terms of black freedom. The era of reconstruction exposed the radical limits of freedom for natural born citizens in the post-civil war United States. The idea of freedom changed in a tremendous way for the blacks. I would like to begin by askingRead MoreThe Legacy Of Reconstruction During The Civil War Essay1254 Words   |  6 Pageshistory. These â€Å"revolutionary movements† have created lasting impressions on the United States that helped mold the nation that it is today. One such movement was Reconstruction. Reconstruction was a time in America consisting of reuniting the country and pulling it from the economic catastrophe that stemmed from the Civil War. The reconstruction era had dealt with three separate plans: the Lincoln Plan, the Johnson Plan and the congressional Plan. These plans, each with their own unique way of unifying

Comparison Between Pop Music and Classical Music Essay Example For Students

Comparison Between Pop Music and Classical Music Essay Classical Music versus Pop Music Classical music and popular music are both genres of music that have been in existence for a long time and listened to by the entire populace. Classical music is more complex and appeals to the older population while pop music appeals to the younger population. There are benefits associated with classical music and it is of general opinion that it requires more attention to details than pop music because of its complexity. It is a known fact that music is a form of art whose medium is sound. Its common elements are pitch, rhythm, and dynamics. Music helps in soothing ones disturbed soul and helps us to live life to the fullest; therefore, the aim of music is to touch the core of the heart. Classical music and pop music are two of the many different genres of music. Classical music is composed by some of the most brilliant minds in the world. The overall impression of classical music is that it is light, airy, elegant, and well thought out. It is music in which reason prevails over feeling. Composers thought more about creating beautiful and interesting works of music than pouring out their personal feeling in their music. Classical period is between 1750 and 1820. This type of music includes opera, chamber music, coral pieces, and music requiring a full orchestra. It is a music rooted in the traditions of western art. Notable of mentioning is Mozart who was considered a musical prodigy and wrote music of highest quality among which is symphony No. 40 in g minor. (Music Listening Today, Charles Hoffer) On the other hand, pop music which evolved out of rock and roll was introduced in the mid 1950’s is modern day music. It is usually understood to be commercially recorded music that is often oriented towards a youth market. www. anstendig. org) Since 1950, pop music has been identified as the music that is accessible to the wildest audience and is often mostly played on the radio. It is often regarded as street music and the artist’s success is based on the market. Unlike classical music, pop music does not require much education and training. It is not usually written, performed, and recor ded as a symphony or concerto. The basic form for pop music is the song, which usually consists of verse and repeated chorus. (www. about. com/od/popmusic). However, classical music is a complex form of music, which requires high musical skills, and ability to coordinate with other musicians. The performance of classical music demands a significant level of technical mastery on the part of the musician, thorough understanding of tonal and harmonic principles, hence one has to go through proper training before learning this type of music. Today classical music has an elite patronage whereas pop music has more universal appeal. Usually classical music is often perceived as opulent, only appreciated by the upper class. Classical music mostly features in pop music forming background music for movies, television program, and advertisement. Because of this, many people unknowingly regularly listen to classical music. The appeal of pop music lies in its simple, energetic rhythm, appealing vocal lines, and its symbolic association with the plight of the underprivileged whereas classical music is a complex form of music requiring musical skills like learning the ragas and ability to coordinate with other musicians while maintaining the complex relationship between its emotional flows. (www. buzzle. com). Both classical and pop music in recent times have experimented with electronic instruments such as the synthesizer, electric and digital technique which is the use of computer-generated sounds. In addition, both categories of musicians use the same notes, meters, pitches, and harmonies. Well-known musicians of classical music are Beethoven and George Gershwin while some popular artists of pop music are Britney spears, the beetles, the rolling stone, Abba, and the legendary pop music star Michael Jackson. It is widely known that classical music is beneficial as it reduces stress and anxiety. .u6b0d0ffcd902453a1927ca3c1677f519 , .u6b0d0ffcd902453a1927ca3c1677f519 .postImageUrl , .u6b0d0ffcd902453a1927ca3c1677f519 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6b0d0ffcd902453a1927ca3c1677f519 , .u6b0d0ffcd902453a1927ca3c1677f519:hover , .u6b0d0ffcd902453a1927ca3c1677f519:visited , .u6b0d0ffcd902453a1927ca3c1677f519:active { border:0!important; } .u6b0d0ffcd902453a1927ca3c1677f519 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6b0d0ffcd902453a1927ca3c1677f519 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6b0d0ffcd902453a1927ca3c1677f519:active , .u6b0d0ffcd902453a1927ca3c1677f519:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6b0d0ffcd902453a1927ca3c1677f519 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6b0d0ffcd902453a1927ca3c1677f519 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6b0d0ffcd902453a1927ca3c1677f519 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6b0d0ffcd902453a1927ca3c1677f519 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6b0d0ffcd902453a1927ca3c1677f519:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6b0d0ffcd902453a1927ca3c1677f519 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6b0d0ffcd902453a1927ca3c1677f519 .u6b0d0ffcd902453a1927ca3c1677f519-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6b0d0ffcd902453a1927ca3c1677f519:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Call Of The Wild EssayAlso early training in children helps develop brain area involved in language and reasoning (www. classicsforkids. com). Generally, music is known to perform many unimaginable wonders because of its healing ability. It helps in forgetting the stressful life events and put one in a positive state of mind therefore both music are beneficial to us. (Ezinearticles. com/expert=Raymond Edeh) Works Cited Hoffer, Charles. â€Å"Music Listening Today. † Clark Baxter (Canada) 2009. www. anstendig. org www. about. com/od/popmusic www. buzzle. com www. classicsforkids. com Ezinearticles. com/expert=Raymond Edeh.

The Road to Freedom Essay Example

The Road to Freedom Essay Antoine de Saint-Exupury, a 20th century French writer, said that he [knew] but one freedom and that is the freedom of the mind. Similarly, Frederick Douglass also considers knowledge as the gateway to liberation. Douglass was born into slavery on a Maryland plantation in the early 1800s. Through his personal experiences he details how knowledge is important, although not purely enough, for the freedom and self-realization of man. Douglass feels strongly about the issue of knowledge acquisition because of his circumstances in his own life. Growing up, he knew very little about his own existence. A want of information concerning [his past] was a source of unhappiness. (Douglass 15) His ignorance was a strategic move on the part of the masters since they suppress the slaves intelligence so that whites would have the upper hand. Douglass strived to learn to read because literacy would enable him to become a man. But what is manhood? Douglass defines his manhood through his education and freedom. The white mans power to enslave the black man, (42) was through both mental and physical enslavement. Becoming literate was the pathway from slavery to freedom. (42) This is Douglass definition because it would give him the mental freedom that would then earn him his physical freedom from the bonds of slavery. Manhood is more than just being a male, it is being able to think and act for oneself, actions slaves were barred from. We will write a custom essay sample on The Road to Freedom specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Road to Freedom specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Road to Freedom specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer On his quest to become literate, Frederick Douglass learns to read with the help of his masters wife, Mrs. Auld, into teaching him how to read. This soon stops because it was unlawful, as well as unsafe, to teach a slave to read[and] he would at once become unmanageable, and of no value to his master. (42) Douglass, however, never gave up his quest to become literate. Having already learned the alphabet, he tricked some white kids into giving him reading lessons. Finally, Frederick Douglass achieved the freedom he had always wanted. This joy was short lived however. Learning to read had been a curse rather than a blessing. (48) Douglass began to feel isolated since he learned the truth about the unfixable conditions of slavery that he was formerly ignorant to. He now resented the ignorance of other slaves because they were not haunted by thoughts of slavery like Douglass was. He was also wary of whites because they posed a threat to his independence since they could take advantage of him like they had before with other slaves. However, he had successfully achieved mental emancipation and was now able to speak, read, and write the same language as slave owners, allowing him to formulate his own ideas and opinions that helped him to engage in debates. (48) This, however, was only halfway to attaining true freedom. He had to then utilize his newly gained knowledge to work for physical freedom as well. Literacy itself is not enough to become free. While he is living on the farm of Thomas Auld, a man destitute of every element of character commanding respect, (57) Douglass finally earns his manhood. Douglass has a run in with the nigger-breaker (60) Edward Covey and they physically battle for two grueling hours. Douglass could no longer be treated like an animal so he asserted himself and achieved his physical freedom with his victory. Covey never laid the weight of his finger upon [Douglass] again. (72) This battle was extremely important because it rekindled the few embers of freedom and revived [his] sense ofmanhood (72) and gave him more inspiration to break his bonds of slavery. Eventually, the event gives him the courage needed to run away from his slave owners and escape from slavery. (92) Finally, Frederick Douglass ran away to New York and ultimately earned his freedom. For Douglass, freedom was more than who controlled a person, but more so who controlled the persons soul. After the fight, he was stronger and more det ermined than ever to regain his soul and find his way further North, away from his demeaning masters. Douglass Narrative of the Life of an American Slave raised issues regarding public education in a democratic society. First of all, who should receive public school? During Douglass time, blacks were not provided the chance to earn an education because blacks were not seen as equals and consequently didnt deserve an education. This is not fair in a a democratic society since everyone should be afforded the same opportunities. Also, it raises the question of how to educate in schools. Since becoming literate is not the only step towards ones independence, a students physical freedom has to also be considered. This is the same concept that Maria Montessori described. No one can be free unless he is independent (Montessori 140) and this is part of education. (140) Also, Montessori wrote that education shall help him to diminishthe social bonds, which limit his activity. Frederick Douglass is a great example of defeating social conventions like slavery to earn his liberation. The first step towards freedom and independce was knowledge and then being physically free. Being both physically and mentally independent gave Douglass control over his soul and gave him the courage to escape to New York. Douglass Narrative of the Life of an American Slave demonstrates how mental freedom is not enough for the freedom and self-realization of man and it also raised questions about public education in a democratic society.

1638, Anne Hutchinson is Banished from Boston

1638, Anne Hutchinson is Banished from Boston Free Online Research Papers Anne Hutchinson’s banishment from Boston in 1638 denotes the culmination of events dating to her and her husband William’s arrival in New England on September 18, 1634.Following her spiritual leader John Cotton , who had become teacher at the First Boston Church, she quickly rose to a theological leader in Boston threatening the principals upon which the Puritan Bay Area colony had been founded. Branded by their opponents as Antinomians who opposed the moral law of the colony, she and her followers including her brother in law John Wheelwright, Governor Henry Vane and in a rather loose alliance, John Cotton advanced as a formidable theological, political and economic force in the colony between 1636 and 1638. The Antinomian dogma denouncing justification through sanctification entrenched Boston and its surrounding towns in a bitter Controversy. John Winthrop, founding father of the colony, and Governor throughout Anne Hutchinson’s trial, was the Antinomians political antagonist in conjunction with the clerical support from Boston First Church’s pastor John Wilson. Following Anne Hutchinson’s admission to the First Boston Church, she began holding in-home meetings where she explained and expanded upon John Cotton’s teachings as well as criticized the sermons of Pastor John Wilson. The growing faction attending these meetings consisted of Boston’s financial and political elite such as the 1636 elected Governor Henry Vane and de facto established an informal rival church in Boston. The doctrine upon which Anne Hutchinson’s influence thrived was based on the principals of the covenant of grace, interpreted in its most fundamental form. While the Puritans rejected the Arminianist Covenant of Work ideology, which insisted on the good works of people as a sign of their salvation, they trusted the Bible and the interpretation of its content by the clergy, as a chance for men to discover God’s will. Acting upon Gods will created the possibility to recognize sanctification through justification, where justification o ffered evidence through men’s deeds whether God would save that person. The complexity of this theological approach transformed into an attempt of the Puritan clergy to walk a middle way between Antinomian doctrine and Arminianism. Anne Hutchinson’s interpretation of the Covenant of Grace as a principle of divine omnipotence, completely excluding the human factor in the salvation process arguing that the Holy Spirit was placed into the person sought out by god and guided by that spirit there after. Following this argumentation, ministers and church would become dispensable, loosing their sole purpose of interpreting god’s word to those hoping for salvation. This novel interpretation of the Covenant of Grace jeopardized the very existence of the Puritan society, which claimed responsibility for the spiritual well being of its members. Claiming the presence of the Holy Spirit within a saved person made the Antinomian beliefs susceptible to heresy charges, since direct revelation was a fervent dissent from Puritan theology. Anne Hutchinson’s fortunes turned when Antinomians attempted to establish John Wheelwright as an official Hutchinsonian representative within the First Boston Church in October 1636. The attempt failed mainly because of John Winthrop’s ability to unite sufficient opposition to John Wheelwright’s nomination as a religious leader within the church. Meanwhile the Antinomian resistance outside of Boston grew stronger, tipping the gubernatorial election in favor of John Winthrop taking back the governor seat from Henry Vane who eventually returned to England. Furthermore, John Wheelwright was convicted of sedition following a fuming outburst against the colony’s leadership. Anne Hutchinson’s key support was dwindling making John Cotton support ever more important. This very support began to diminish with the Cambridge Synod, where ministers of Massachusetts and a Connecticut delegation compiled a list of erroneous beliefs, which could not be tolerated, giving way to punish Antinomians based on heresy. The list found the approval of John Cotton, and weakened Anne Hutchinson’s position in the colony. With the political power in the hands of anti-Hutchinson Winthrop, the Puritan orthodoxy focused on dismantling the Antinomian threat. In October 1637, Anne Hutchinson was called upon to answer a list of charges drawn up against her. Numerous Antinomians had signed a petition on John Wheelwrights behalf during his trial earlier that year. The courts had utilized the list, to charge and sentence Hutchinsonians as supporters of sedition. Since Anne Hutchinson had not signed the petition, she could only be charged with encouraging Wheelwright’s supporters. Added to this charge was the accusation of holding meetings in her home not appropriate for her gender based on the fifth commandment. The third and most serious accusation in this civil trial was her alleged insult of ministers in the colony as preachers of the covenant of works. Anne Hutchinson’s brilliant theological argumentation and cleverness allowed her to refute most charges brought against her. Additionally, John Cotton’s testimony on her behalf regarding the charges of insult against the ministers brought the civil case to the verge of collapse. With the trial coming to a favorable conclusion, Anne Hutchinson, for unknown and still debated reasons , announced that god’s direct revelation was the sole reason for her presence in New England and the bases for the Antinomian movement. Claiming direct revelation sealed her fait; Anne Hutchinson was convicted of heresy and was sentenced to banishment from Boston. Awaiting her church trial for excommunication from the First Boston Church Anne Hutchinson was placed under house arrest for the following four months. In March 1638, after yet another round of questioning and her refusal to withdraw her voiced claim of direct revelation Anne Hutchinson was admonished from the church and departed at the end of the same month to Rhode Island. In conclusion, Anne Hutchinson was the first historically acclaimed female-leader of the North American colonies. She attempted to change the secular and religious fabric of seventeenth century Puritan society, accepting the potential risk of defamation and banishment. In a time when women were perceived as week, submissive and modest, unable of following a complex theological thought, Anne Hutchinson represented a major threat to the Puritan establishment. Not only had she succeeded in formulating and establishing a new theological dogma, her supporters were threatening the political and economic foundation of Boston. Recapturing the second charge of her civil trial is obvious that the tribunal was in part judging a female’s position in a male dominated Puritan society. More remarkable is Anne Hutchinson’s belief in the covenant of grace as a divine absolute, reserved for gods choosing and her courage to oppose the status quo of the Bay Colony. The Antinomian ideology, held a humanistic and egalitarian facet, regarding people as equal in the face of god unrestrained of their worldly existence nor gender. Bibliography Bremer, Francis J. ed. Anne Hutchinson, Troubler of the Puritan Zion. Huntington, NY: R.E. Krieger Pub. Co., 1981. Cooper, James F. Jr. â€Å"Anne Hutchinson and the Lay Rebellion Against the Clergy.† New England Quarterly 61.3 (1988): 381-397. URL:http://gateway.proquest.com.ezproxy.umuc.edu/openurl?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2003res_dat=xri:pqil:res_ver=0.1rft_val_fmt=ori:format:pl:ebnf:jarticlerft_id=xri:pcift:article:1170-1988-061-03-000005res_id=xri:pcift-us Koehler, Lyle. â€Å"The Case of the American Jezebels: Anne Hutchinson and Female Agitation during the Years of Antinomian Turmoil, 1636-1640.† The William and Mary Quarterly 31.1 (1974): 55-78. URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0043-5597%28197401%293%3A31%3A1%3C55%3ATCOTAJ%3E2.0.CO%3B2-M LaPlante, Eve. American Jezebel: the Uncommon Life of Anne Hutchinson, the Women Who Defined the Puritans. San Francisco: Harper San Francisco, 2004. Morgan, Edmund S. The Puritan Dilemma The Story of John Winthrop. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1958. Morgan, Edmund S. â€Å"The case Against Anne Hutchinson.† The New England Quarterly 10.4 (1937): 635-649. URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0028-4866%28193712%2910%3A4%3C635%3ATCAAH%3E2.0.CO%3B2-K Williams, Selma R. Divine Rebel The Life of Anne Marbury Hutchinson. New York: Holt, Reinhart and Winston, 1981. Withington, Ann Fairfax, and Jack Schwartz. â€Å"The Political Trial of Anne Hutchinson.† New England Quarterly 51.2 (1978): 226-240. URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0028-4866%28197806%2951%3A2%3C226%3ATPTOAH%3E2.0.CO%3B2-S Research Papers on 1638, Anne Hutchinson is Banished from BostonAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeQuebec and CanadaWhere Wild and West MeetComparison: Letter from Birmingham and Crito19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraHip-Hop is ArtBringing Democracy to AfricaGenetic EngineeringThree Concepts of PsychodynamicBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of Self

Famous Quotes About History

Famous Quotes About History We marvel at the ancient architectural wonders that attract tourists the world over. But the essence lies in the history of the foundation. Historys frozen music is like a mute sentinel who helps cultures survive. Victories and failures, traditions and heritage, make history ever changing. Yet history remains the same. Famous Quotes About History Read these famous history quotes and get drawn into the realms of the past. VoltaireHistory is only the register of crimes and misfortunes. Napoleon BonaparteWhat is history but a fable agreed upon? Karl MarxHistory repeats itself, first as tragedy, second as farce. Winston ChurchillHistory is written by the victors. Thomas JeffersonI like the dreams of the future better than the history of the past. John Maynard KeynesIdeas shape the course of history. William ShakespeareThere is a history in all mens lives. Mark TwainThe very ink with which history is written is merely fluid prejudice. Henry David ThoreauIt is remarkable how closely the history of the apple tree is connected with that of man. Alexander SmithI go into my library and all history unrolls before me. Robert HeinleinA generation which ignores history has no past and no future. Marshall McLuhanOnly the vanquished remember history. Mohandas GandhiA small body of determined spirits fired by an unquenchable faith in their mission can alter the course of history. Stephen CoveyLive out of your imagination, not your history. Martin Luther King, Jr.We are not makers of history. We are made by history. Dwight D. EisenhowerThings have never been more like the way they are today in history.

Second paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Second paper - Essay Example First, we can start our research using books, scholarly articles, and holding meetings with the children who committed crimes. The second way to carry out research is using internet-based material, which contains web pages, blogs, and websites of different organizations. The outcomes of both approaches towards the research, which include research based on personal efforts and internet based research, are not the same in all cases. There exist some differences in the outcomes because all websites are not very authentic and may contain incorrect facts regarding any specific issue. If we need to do internet-based research, we have look for the credibility of the websites, which we want to consult. There are three types of websites present on the internet, which include good websites, bad websites, and okay level websites. Good websites are those, which are supervised by some specific organizations or the government of a country. If the URL address of a website ends up in .gov or .State abbreviation, it is a good and reliable website. Bad websites are those, which do not have any authentic owner or source. In bad websites, the articles describe the facts based on different opinions of people, which are not considered authentic in research. Okay level websites are those, in which the articles are not very outdated, rather they have been published recently. Talking about credibility of the internet-based research, I personally feel that the research, which a researcher carries out using good websites, is a credible research because the data and information included in the government or state websites are accurate and do not contain any unverified material. Such websites can also influence a researcher’s initial claim by providing the researcher with fact based and updated information related to the research topic, which may be different from the researcher original perspective. Not all websites can change or influence a writer’s initial beliefs about an y research topic. Only those websites have the ability to make a good impact on a writer’s perceptions, which belong to authentic organizations and contain authentic information. One of the negative aspects of using internet as a research tool is that it decreases our abilities to consult books and to communicate with the people during research. When everything will be there on the internet, hardly any researcher will want to spend time on finding correct books and sources for the research. More and more people are focusing on the use of internet for research purposes because of the availability of ample information on various search engines but the credibility of that information is still a big question for the researchers. Although internet-based research saves time of the researchers, but it adversely affects the learning, reading, and thinking abilities of the researchers (Carr). Most of the time that we spend on the internet is a waste because it distracts our focus from research to other activities (Gibson). For example, if a person starts chatting, surfing, and emailing his or her friends while doing research, that person is actually wasting time. Internet based research provides us with a very less amount of credible information because most of the websites contain personal opinions, outdated papers, and attention distracting stuff. Some other negative aspects

A Literature Review on Consumer Voluntary Disposition Essay

A Literature Review on Consumer Voluntary Disposition - Essay Example uct dominant to consumer dominant has bought such reorientation on â€Å"customer focus† (Kohli and Jaworski, 1990, p.3) requires sophisticated understanding of consumer behaviours (Nwankwo, 1995). Consequently, the field of consumer research (Belk, 1986 cited in Holb rook, 1995) becomes an increasingly important constituent to marketing discipline than ever before. According to consumer culture theory (CCT), consumer research investigates/studies â€Å"the contextual, symbolic, and experiential aspects of consumption as they unfold across a consumption cycle that includes acquisition, consumption and possession, and disposition processes and analysis of these phenomena from macro-, meso-, and micro- theoretical perspectives† (Arnould and Thompson, 2005, p.871). This topic is important because, firstly, many disposition decisions have economic consequences for both the individual and society. Some (eg., when and how to properly dispose outdated prescription drugs) even have important health and safety ramifications. Secondly, since much purchase behaviour is cyclical, a variety of marketing implications can emanate from an understanding of the disposition subprocess. Thirdly, in an age of relative scarcity in which we can no longer afford the luxury of squandering resources, understanding disposition decisions and behaviour is logically prerequisite for effective environmental conservation – environmental implication (Jacoby, 1978). The rest of this paper first examines the definition of disposition, followed by an integrative review on disposition typologies, methodological issues, and factors that determine disposition by consumers. Finally, the status of the literature and implications for future research in the area are discussed. Disposal has been defined differently by different researchers. A product will be disposed under different situations. Some will contend that as soon as an owner relinquishes the possession of an appliance, (Jacoby 1978) there is

Adolescent Alcohol Abuse Essay Example for Free

Adolescent Alcohol Abuse Essay Over the years, many researchers have dedicated their time and energy to study adolescent alcohol abuse. They have found that there are many factors that contribute to adolescent alcohol abuse. These factors are psychological, environmental, social, and cultural. Not all of these factors play a part in every adolescent who abuses alcohol, but one of these factors is usually present. Psychological disorders have been found in both American, and Taiwan adolescents who abuse alcohol. The health risks of adolescent alcohol abuse are great. Alcohol affects the physiology of a young person. It disrupts the genetics and hormonal balances that are critical in the early development of youngsters. Treatment of alcohol abuse is a great state of change and development. Many therapists, doctors and counselors are trying to incorporate new treatment ideas and methods into the traditional techniques that have been used for years now. It is important to research the factors that contribute to adolescent alcohol abuse because if these factors are detected early, and an adolescent is put into a prevention program the likelihood that they will abuse alcohol will greatly decrease. Psychological Factors. See more:Â  Manifest Destiny essay According to the research, there have been many psychological problems found in adolescents who abuse alcohol. The majority of the research has been done in order to solve the question of whether or not these psychological factors are present before an adolescent abuses alcohol, or after the alcohol abuse has occurred. In the research done by Rhode, Lewinsohn, and Seeley (1996), they used a community sample of 1,507 adolescents between the ages of fourteen and eighteen. The adolescents were classified into the categories of abstainers, experimenters, social drinkers, problem drinkers, and abuse and/or dependent groups. In this study, 373 subjects met the criteria for depression, 15 were bipolar, 93 suffered from manic core symptoms, and 124 had an anxiety disorder (Rhode et al. , 1996). Furthermore, anxiety disorder and depression were psychological disorders that were more prevalent in female adolescents with alcohol abuse than their male counterparts. Males who abused alcohol tended to suffer from antisocial personality disorder. It is believed that females who suffer from anxiety disorder or depression use alcohol as a self-medication to make them feel better. According to Clark, and Bukstein (1998), one form of antisocial disorder known as conduct disorder lead adolescents to act out and seek out new experiences. This is probably the reason why adolescent males with an antisocial disorder turn to alcohol abuse. According to Rhode (et al. , 1996), More than 80% of adolescents with an alcohol use disorder had another psychiatric disorder. (p. 106). In his study, the alcohol abuse tended to follow rather than proceed the psychiatric disorder. From this, it can be concluded that certain psychological disorders such as antisocial disorder, and depression are a factor in adolescent alcohol abuse. Environmental Factors Many studies have focused on the environmental factors that adolescents are exposed to, and how these factors lead to alcohol abuse. The aim of a study performed by Clark, Lesnick, and Hegedus (1997), Was to examine trauma history and other adverse life events in adolescents with alcohol dependence or abuse and to compare them with a sample of community-dwelling adolescents without alcohol use disorder (p. 1746). This study included 256 adolescents between the ages of fourteen and eighteen (Clark et al. , 1997). Adolescents who abused, or were dependent on alcohol reported more traumas then those in the control group. The types of abuse experienced by males and females tended to differ. Females experienced more sexual abuse, and males tended to be victims of violent acts. Both sexual abuse victims, and victims of violent acts showed increased amounts of alcohol use than those adolescents who were not abused in any way. If subjects experienced a number of traumas, they tended to abuse alcohol more than those that experienced only one trauma or no trauma at all. From this study, it can be concluded that trauma and abuse leads to adolescent alcohol abuse. Social Factors A study done on Hispanic and Black adolescents in the New York inner cities concluded that there were indeed social factors that contributed to adolescent alcohol abuse. The study used a sample of 4,874 Hispanic and African American seventh graders. The purpose of the study was to identify the social risk factors that promote adolescent alcohol abuse in Hispanic and African American (Epstein, Botvin, Baker, Diaz, 1999). If an adolescents friends tended to drink on a consistent basis, he/she showed a greater amount of alcohol abuse than those who did not associate with friends who did drink alcohol. Also, family members play a major part in adolescent alcohol abuse. The family is another social factor that contributes to adolescent alcohol abuse. If an adolescent saw their parent consume alcohol, they also tended to abuse alcohol. Parents were not the only family members that influenced adolescent alcohol abuse; siblings also had an influence. If a sibling abused alcohol, the adolescent models this abuse. Their findings were present in both Hispanic and African American adolescents. Cultural factors. In the study done by Epstein and her collogues, cultural differences were also a factor in adolescent with alcohol abuse. According to Epstein (et al. , 1999), Hispanic adolescents consumed more alcohol per drinking occasion and had greater intention to drink in the future than black adolescents. This was true when the models were tested separately for girls and boys (p. 16). The use of alcohol among Hispanics could be due to the fact that it may be a cultural practice that allows an adolescent to identify with their culture. Religion is another cultural factor that plays a role in adolescent alcohol abuse. African American religions consider the consumption of alcohol a sin, so if an African American practices in their religion they are less likely to abuse alcohol than someone who does not practice their religion. However, this was not a factor for Hispanic adolescent alcohol abuse. A final cultural difference may be that more Hispanic adolescents have immigrated to this country in past years than black adolescents have. Therefore Hispanic adolescents have had the added stress of adapting to a new society. In turn Hispanic adolescents turn to alcohol abuse as a way of coping with their increased stress. Taiwan All of the studies mentioned above were performed in the United States. However, there have been studies done in other countries on adolescent alcohol abuse. One study was done on adolescents living in Taiwan. The results were very interesting. Many of the factors that are presents in American adolescents were also found in adolescents living in Taiwan. According to Chong, Chan, and Cheng (1999), Among those successfully interviewed, 411 were males and 363 were females. Their mean age was 15. 23 years (p. 1389). Like American adolescents who abused alcohol, Taiwan adolescents also had psychological factors presents. The most common psychological disorders found in Taiwan adolescents were disruptive behavior disorder, depression, and antisocial disorder. These disorders were also present in American adolescents. Alcoholism and Health Adolescent alcohol abuse is recognized as a major health concern in the United States. According to Arria and Tarter (1991), It is likely that an older adolescents who first consumed alcohol in the preteen years will experience greater alcohol-related medical complications than will an adolescent who has been drinking for a shorter period of time (p. 52). Although the length of time that an adolescent has been drinking is a major factor related to health, it is not the only one. Other factors may include how much alcohol is consumed at one sitting, and just what age the adolescent began to drink. Very heavy drinking may cause accidental injury. And, drinking at an early age may cause gross developmental complications. Arriea and Tarter (1991) noted that many adolescents also experiment with other drugs, while they are under the influence of alcohol. Other drugs may range from marijuana to crack cocaine and LSD. Using alcohol and other drugs combined can cause serious health risks and concerns. One major concern of adolescent alcohol abuse is the effects that abuse has on puberty. The results of the abuse may be most prevalent in the growth of the adolescent. It has been shown in both human and animal studies that alcohol consumption can stunt the physical growth of an adolescent approaching and during puberty. Arriea and Tarter (1991), stated that, normal physical growth is dependent on a complex interaction between genetic, hormonal, and environmental influences (P. 53). Alcohol severely effects this interaction. Treatment Whenever we talk about alcohol abuse with adolescents, we must talk about the treatment. Without proper treatment, the adolescent will end up in the same place over and over again. In the study done by Bukstein (1994), he stated that, treatment for adolescents currently are undergoing rapid changes,? , by reducing their costs and emphasizing less restrictive treatment modalities (p. 298). Many of the longer 28 or 38 day inpatient programs are being transformed into outpatient or partial hospitalization plans. Because these shorter programs have not been around long enough to gather information for testing, it is unable to tell if they are going to have any kind of affect on the adolescents rehabilitation. I feel that these cuts will have a negative effect on the treatment of youngsters. I think that these shorter programs may work for adults, but they will not work well with the adolescents because of the emotional immaturity present in young people. While many researchers believe that traditional treatment programs are the key, there has been some interest in alternative programs. According to Bukstein (1994), many programs are beginning to integrate an array of, family or behavioral treatments, health services, vocational and educational services, and recreational activities in addition to 12-step principles (p.299). This kind of treatment combines traditional 12-step programs with new innovative ideas of reaching the child through various activities. Once again, this kind of treatment is not yet able to be tested because of its immaturity. It will be very interesting to see what kind of affect this treatment will have. Conclusion There are many factors that contribute to adolescent alcohol abuse. These factors may be psychological, environmental, social, or cultural. If these factors were detected in an adolescent at an early age, it could prevent the adolescent form abusing alcohol. Health problems due to heavy alcohol abuse could also be prevented if these factors are detected early enough. Treatment is a crucial part of dealing with an adolescent that is suffering from alcohol abuse. I believe that much research must be done to ensure that methods are being executed properly. There has been some effort to combine new treatment with traditional ones. I believe that this is a good thing. It will be interesting to see if this new treatment will help. References Arria, Amelia M. , Tarter, Ralph E. (1991). The effects of alcohol abuse on the health of adolescents. Alcohol Health and Research World, 15 (1), 52-57. Bukstein, Oscar G. (1994). Treatment of adolescent alcohol abuse and dependence. Alcohol Health and Research World, 18 (4), 296-301. Chong, M. Y. , Chan, K. W. , Cheng, A. T. A. (1999). Substance use disorders among adolescents in Taiwan: Prevalence, sociodemeographic correlates and psychiatric co-morbidity. Psychological Medicine, 26 (6), 1387-1396. Clark, D. , Lesnick, L. , Hegedus, A. (1997). Traumas and Other adverse life events in adolescents with alcohol abuse and dependence. Journal of the American Academy of Child Adolescent Psychiatry, 36 (12), 1744-1751. Clark, D. , Bukstein, O. (1998). Psychopathology in adolescent alcohol abuse and dependence. Alcohol Health Research World 22 (2), 117-121. Epstein, J. , Botvin, G. , Diaz, T. (1999). Impact of social influences and problem behavior on alcohol use among inner-city hispanic and black adolescents. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 60 (5), 595-604. Rhode, P. , Lewinsohn, P. , Seeley, J. R. (1996). Psychiatric comoribidity with problematic alcohol use in high school students. Journal of the American Academy of Child Adolescent Psychiatry 35 (1), 101-109. Adolescent Alcohol Abuse Juvenile Delinquency.

Essay --

El tà ³rax es la porcià ³n del cuerpo que se halla entre el cuello y el abdomen. Envuelve las costillas y el esternà ³n. Interiormente en el pecho se localiza diversos à ³rganos como el corazà ³n, pulmones y esà ³fago. La pleura, una membrana de tejido delgado, reviste el interior de la cavidad torà ¡cica. Observa el tà ³rax para determinar si la frecuencia y los movimientos respiratorios son normales Para que luego se percute el pecho con los dedos para saber si los pulmones està ¡n llenos de aire, lo que es normal, o bien si contienen là ­quido, lo cual es anormal. La percusià ³n tambià ©n permite determinar si la membrana que envuelve el corazà ³n (pericardio) o la que cubre los pulmones (pleura) contiene là ­quido. Colocar la mano sobre el tà ³rax para determinar el tamaà ±o del corazà ³n y el tipo y la fuerza de las contracciones durante cada latido. A veces, un flujo de sangre anormal y turbulenta dentro de los vasos o entre las cavidades del corazà ³n, provoca una vibracià ³n que se percibe con las yemas de los dedos o con la palma de la mano. Un flujo sanguà ­neo turbulento generalmente aparece cuando la sangre pasa por và ¡lvulas estrechas o que no cierran bien. En el caso de los derrames pleurales: se encuentra matidez a la percusià ³n (eventualmente con curva de Damoiseau) con disminucià ³n de las vibraciones vocales a la palpacià ³n. En el caso de condensaciones pulmonares: se encuentra matidez en la percusià ³n con aumento de la transmisià ³n de las vibraciones vocales en la palpacià ³n. En el caso de una atelectasia: se comporta parecido a un derrame pleural pero no se da una curva de Damoiseau. En el caso de un hemidiafragma ascendido: matidez de la base, falta de desplazamiento con la respiracià ³n, ausencia de transmisià ³n de vibraciones vocales en esa zona. En el caso... ...a columna. Colocando el fonendoscopio sobre las arterias y las venas en cualquier lugar del cuerpo, se pueden detectar seà ±ales de flujo turbulento, llamados soplos, causados por un estrechamiento de los vasos o por comunicaciones anormales entre ellos. No todas las enfermedades cardà ­acas provocan soplos y no todos los soplos indican un trastorno. En una estenosis mitral en ritmo sinusal: ritmo regular; primer ruido acentuado; en el dià ¡stole se ausculta un chasquido de apertura seguido por una rodada mitral, de intensidad III/VI, con un refuerzo pre sistà ³lico. En una insuficiencia aà ³rtica en ritmo sinusal: ritmo regular; segundo ruido disminuido de intensidad; soplo diastà ³lico en decrescendo, grado II/VI, que se ausculta en el foco aà ³rtico y borde para esternal izquierdo. Soplo meso sistà ³lico grado II/VI en el foco aà ³rtico que se irradia a la base del cuello.

Benefits of Employee Collaboration Essay

Within the modern workplace, there is an ongoing debate as to if traditional problem solving or employee collaboration produces the best results. Even though some people see employee collaboration as a waste of time, employee collaboration should be encouraged because not only can it benefit the company, it gives employees the opportunity to grow. When an employer encourages open collaboration with its employees in order to solve a problem, many positive outcomes can occur. In his article Improving Efficiency by Improving Employee Collaboration Brian Middle stated â€Å"Tasks can be completed more effectively since individuals are concentrating on areas that they are well versed in and not in areas they struggle with.† This thought process takes the pressure off of one individual to have all the answers to every problem in front of them. Yes, it is up to the person in charge to ultimately make the final choice as to how to handle a problem, but expecting them to have all the i nformation at any given time is not good business practice. Bringing together a team to solve a problem creates an atmosphere of individual and company growth by giving each employee an opportunity to succeed, and having a more effective way of completing the tasks. At my own place of employment, a lot of the decisions are solely made by one individual on a day to day basis. This individual, while he is a fairly good leader is in no position to make choices concerning my work. As required by the state I live in, in order to perform my duties as a Wastewater Operator, a large amount of schooling and licensing must be obtained. With my job, I must make decisions about what to do when a large amount of rain has fallen in a short time frame. The process, in my opinion should be a combined decision by me, the other operator, and the Town Manager. The operators should be able to give him the vital information about what would happen with each scenario, our professional opinion as to how to best handle it, and then discuss it. This process would take roughly 10 – 15 minutes, and wouldn’t affect the overall plant performance. However, this is not the case. We are told what he wants us to do without our input, and this has at times led to bad outcomes. The mine-is-better habit seems to be the issue within our organization. Working with a lot of older gentlemen, I have noticed that any suggestion given to someone is immediately shot down due to egos. Instead of taking a little bit of time to review all the information from individuals with a more knowledgeable background on the subject, a decision is made from one persons point of view. Luckily, for all major decisions that do not need immediate attention; we have a Town Council who must put it to a vote. As simple as this seems it should be, there are some mine-is-better habits within the council as well. There are many routes I could take in order for my manager to overcome his habit of mine-is-better when making decisions. One of the approaches I can take would be to encourage him to take a moment to listen to what options we have, and how it would best suit him and the town to think things through. Giving him all of the information at hand, even if he hasn’t asked for it plants the seed within his own mind to consider everything before coming to a conclusion. The other option I can think of, is taking it solely out of his hands by involving the Department of Environmental Management. Having them simply explain to him that it is up to the operators themselves to draw the conclusion on what is best based upon the professional standing they have may help him realize that his way is not always the best way of doing things. The town I live in and work for would greatly benefit from open collaboration with its employees. Many of us our highly trained individuals, who take great pride in their field of choice. With so many different departments, no one person can expect to know how everything operates and works within the entire town. Many laws and regulations confront us daily while we perform even the simplest of tasks. Being able to talk to each other, to know how each decision made can affect the other departments and their processes can help us avoid unwanted extra paperwork and fines.

Target Case Study

Case Study: Target Adriana Gonzalez Principles of Marketing Statement of the Problem(s) In this particular case, there is one major dilemma and all other problems seemed to have risen from this one. For the past few years there has been a recession globally. In the year 2008, the recession was at its peak and all industries suffer tremendously. For many years Target grew at a much faster pace than Wal-Mart, but the economy made a radical turn affecting everyone. Target rapidly started to experience low sales as the time pass.As a result, the most important shareholder, William Ackman, demanded a rapid and effective strategy to bring Target’s sales up once again (Armstrong & Kotler, 2012). Summary of the Facts * Target is known for its products in style and fashion. * Numerous designer product lines. * Customers view Target as a retail store with higher prices * Target’s customers went for the lower prices at its competitors retail store * Wal-Mart changed is mission sta tement to â€Å"Save money. Live better. † it mimics Target’s mission statement (Armstrong & Kotler, 2012). While Target’s image of higher quality products remained, Wal-Mart use â€Å"rollbacks† to attract customers. * Target started to greet customers with value messages and big signs promoting sale products (Armstrong & Kotler, 2012). Target’s mission statement has been, â€Å"Expect More. Pay Less. † After the recession the company focused on the â€Å"Pay Less† part of their slogan. At the middle of the year 2008, Target had experienced three quarters of same-store sales growth (Armstrong & Kotler, 2012). Customers did not respond as rapidly as the company hoped.They seemed to be more interested in low prices than quality. Wal-Mart took over Target’s customers during the recession. Analysis The CEO, Gregg Steinhafel, came up with a strategy to help the business. Using the same mission statement, they focused on the â€Å" Pay Less† part of it. On the other hand, Wal-Mart’s new mission statement seemed to fit perfectly with customers during this difficult economy crisis. Target’s competitor closed its quarterly sale-store sales with an increase of five percent during 2008, while Target had no increases (Armstrong & Kotler, 2012).After months of urging the new strategy the company finally got results. New advertising help the company move forward in the industry. Target launched a new brand named â€Å"up & up,† which was a thirty percent lower than comparable brand names. The company also decided to introduce fresh foods that were not as expensive as its competitors. Target’s stock went up twenty-seven percent since 2010, when they introduced fresh foods (Young, 2012). Now customers could to all their shopping at Target without hesitating to make another stop at the grocery store.For the past five years Target and Wal-Mart have been the strongest competitors in the re tail industry. Target suffered the first couple of years, but has climbed up to its competitor’s level. The company was in critical condition when the most important shareholder, William Ackman, demanded effective results. Ackman stated, â€Å"It should be a business that does well, even in tough economic times† (Armstrong & Kotler, 2012). After Ackman’s statement the CEO, Steinhafel, sharpened its strategy by advertising new television commercials with catchy music.Promoting new ads and adding a Target brand helped Target to raise its sales to five percent with profits of fifty-four percent increase (Armstrong & Kotler, 2012). Meanwhile, Wal-Mart focused on low price strategy to save people money. Target on the other hand commits to a higher marketing expenditure and considers its customers guests (Wal-Mart and Target, 2011). After all, many customers continue to shop at Target because of its higher quality products. Recommendations Target is not the only busin ess that was harmed due to the recession. On the contrary, it was one of the businesses that survived those tough years.There were losses in the company, not just financially, it also lost many customers. There were obviously changes that needed to be made quickly and intelligently. The CEO, Steinhafel, made a wise decision when it came to emphasizing differently the current slogan. Customers might have had a different perspective of the store and its products. They may not recognize Target as a high quality and fashionable retail store, but as a retail store that lost its faith in its mission statement. â€Å"Expect More,† is the most important part of the mission statement because customers expect more when they shop at Target.Target’s customers still had that image of better quality but now at lower prices. When it comes to promotion and advertising, the company could have done more on this portion. As the company started to advertise more television commercials and weekly newspaper circulars, the customers soon responded to them. Customers liked the idea of ads showing ordinary people consuming Target’s products (Armstrong & Kotler, 2012). After eighteen long months of pushing forward the strategy Target finally got results. Customers would have responded positively if these promotions were at their reach months earlier.The company’s number one priority needs to be our customers’ demands, wants, and needs. Target’s strategies need to focus around our customers in order to maintain sales and profits. The shortages of concentration on promotion lead to a longer crisis for Target. By researching our customers wants and needs the company can accomplish greater profits. The company cannot set aside the importance of marketing process and marketing mix. Managers have to motivate everyone in the organization to help built customer relationships. Target’s success lies on strong customer-focused and heavily committed to marketing.References Armstrong, G. , & Kotler, P. (2012). Principles of Marketing (pp. 94-95). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Wal-Mart and Target: Strategic Differences. (2011). Retrieved February 19, 2013, from http://www. ftsmodules. com/public/texts/valuationtutor/VTehn3/tonic8/tonic8htm. Young, A. (2012 August, 23). Target Vs. Wal-Mart: Target Wins on Pricing, Barely, And Probably Not for Long. Retrieved February 19, 2013, from http://ibtimes. com/target_vs_wal-mart_target_wins_prining_barely_and_probably_not_long_htm.

Learn About Sunspots, the Suns Cool, Dark Regions

Learn About Sunspots, the Sun's Cool, Dark Regions When you look at the Sun  you see a bright object in the sky. Because its not safe to look directly at the Sun without good eye protection, its difficult to study our star.  However, astronomers use special telescopes and spacecraft to learn more about the Sun and its continual activity. We know today that the Sun is a multi-layered object with a nuclear fusion furnace at its core. Its surface,  called the photosphere, appears smooth and perfect to most observers. However, a closer look at the surface reveals an active place unlike anything we experience on Earth. One of the key, defining features of the surface is the occasional presence of sunspots. What are Sunspots? Beneath the Suns photosphere lies a complex mess of plasma currents, magnetic fields and thermal channels. Over time, the rotation of the Sun causes the magnetic fields to become twisted, which interrupts the flow of thermal energy to and from the surface.  The twisted magnetic field can sometimes pierce through the surface, creating an arc of plasma, called a prominence, or a solar flare. Any place on the Sun where the magnetic fields emerge has less heat flowing to the surface. That creates a  relatively cool spot (roughly 4,500 kelvin instead of the hotter 6,000 kelvin) on the photosphere.  This cool spot appears dark compared to the surrounding inferno that is the Suns surface. Such black dots of cooler regions are what we call sunspots. How Often Do Sunspots Occur? The appearance of sunspots is entirely due to the war between the twisting magnetic fields and plasma currents beneath the photosphere. So,  the regularity of sunspots depends on how twisted the magnetic field has become (which is also tied to how quickly or slowly the plasma currents are moving). While the exact specifics are still being investigated, it seems that these subsurface interactions have a historical trend.The Sun appears to go through a solar cycle about every 11 years or so. (Its actually more like 22 years, as each 11-year cycle causes the magnetic poles of the Sun to flip, so it takes two cycles to get things back to the way they  were.) As part of this cycle,  the field becomes more twisted, leading to more sunspots. Eventually these twisted magnetic fields get so tied up and generate so much heat that the field eventually snaps, like a twisted rubber band. That unleashes a huge amount of energy in a solar flare. Sometimes, theres an outburst of plasma from the Sun, which is called a coronal mass ejection. These dont happen all the time on the Sun, although they are frequent. They increase in frequency every 11 years, and the peak activity is called solar maximum. Nanoflares and Sunspots Recently solar physicists (the scientists who study the Sun), found that there are many very tiny flares erupting as part of solar activity. They dubbed these nanoflares, and they happen all the time. Their heat is what is essentially responsible for the very high temperatures in the solar corona (the outer atmosphere of the Sun).   Once the magnetic field is unraveled, the activity drops again, leading to solar minimum. There have also been periods in history where solar activity has dropped for an extended period of time, effectively staying to solar minimum for years or decades at a time. A 70-year span from 1645 to 1715, known as the Maunder minimum, is one such example. It is thought to be correlated with a drop in average temperature experienced across Europe. This has come to be known as the little ice age. Solar observers have noticed another slowdown of activity during the most recent solar cycle, which raises questions about these variations in the Suns long-term behavior.   Sunspots and Space Weather Solar activity such as flares and coronal mass ejections send huge clouds of ionized plasma (superheated gases) out to space. When these magnetized clouds reach the magnetic field of a planet, they slam into that worlds upper atmosphere and cause disturbances. This is called space weather. On Earth, we see the effects of space weather in the auroral borealis and aurora australis (northern and southern lights). This activity has other effects: on our weather, our power grids, communication grids,and other technology we rely on in our daily lives. Space weather and sunspots are all part of living near a star.   Edited by Carolyn Collins Petersen

Nasim Pedrad, From Iran to SNL to Scream Queens

Nasim Pedrad, From Iran to SNL to 'Scream Queens' Nasim Pedrad, an Iranian-American comedic actress, portrays Gigi in the Comedy Horror television series produced by Fox. Pedrad left Saturday Night Live in 2014 after five years on the iconic comedy show. Her impressions of Arianna Huffington, Kim Kardashian, Barbara Walters, Kelly Ripa and Gloria Allred were highlights of the show. In 2015, she made two guest appearances on New Girl. Born in Iran, Nov. 18, 1981, she lived in Tehran with her parents, Arasteh Amani and Parviz Pedrad, until 1984 when they immigrated to the United States. She grew up in Irvine, Calif. Her parents, who live in southern California, met while both were students in Berkeley. Her father works in the medical field and her mother works in the fashion industry. Pedrad says SNL was a big part of growing up as an American. â€Å"I would watch those shows in an effort to understand American culture and assimilate, because I wasn’t necessarily getting as much of that from my parents as my American friends were,† she told Grantland, the entertainment/ESPN blog, in an interview. â€Å"I have early memories of watching the show, and knowing that it was going to help me stay in the know, even in the years when I was too young to fully understand what the sketches were about.† After one SNL show where she played the Iranian first lady, President Mahmoud Ahmadinejads wife, in a mock interview, she told the Iran News, â€Å"I love and am very proud of my Iranian heritage. Its shaped who I am as a performer, and if I ever poke fun at it, its coming from a place of love. She will join Mulaney, a new Fox sitcom created by ex-SNL writer John Mulaney, which premiers in October. She will play Mulaney’s wisecracking roommate. SNL producer Lorne Michaels will be the producer of the new show. Fox has ordered 16 episodes. Pedrad and her younger sister, Nina Pedrad, a writer for 30 Rock and New Girl, are both fluent in Farsi. â€Å"My parents did their best to speak to us in Farsi as often as they could when we were at home so we could grow up to be bilingual,† she told Grantland. She says she hopes to visit Iran some day. â€Å"My dads side of the family is still in Iran - there are so many cousins I have yet to meet.† She wrote a one-woman show called â€Å"Me, Myself and Iran,† and portrays five very different Iranian characters. SNL cast member Tina Fey saw the show and recommended Pedrad for SNL. Early Career Pedrad graduated from University High School, where former SNL cast member Will Ferrell also attended, and graduated from the University of California, Los Angeles, School of Theatre in 2003. She performed with The Groundlings, an improvisational comedy troupe based in L.A.. She frequently performed â€Å"Me, Myself and Iran† at the ImprovOlympic and the Upright Citizens Brigade Theater in Los Angeles, and in the HBO Comedy Festival in Las Vegas in 2007. She guest-starred on Gilmore Girls from 2007 to 2009, ER, and It’s Always Sunny in Philadelphia. She also did voices in Despicable Me 2 and The Lorax. She joined SNL in 2009. The show’s cast members have included other actors born outside North America such as Tony Rosato (Italy), Pamela Stephenson (New Zealand), Morwenna Banks (England), and Horatio Sanz (Chile). Iranian Immigration Pedrads family joined a large number of Iranians who immigrated to the U.S. after the Iranian Revolution of 1979. According to U.S. Census data and independent surveys done by Iranian-Americans in 2009, there were an estimated 1 million Iranian-Americans living in the U.S. with the largest concentration - about 520,000 - living around Los Angeles, particularly Beverly Hills and Irvine. In Beverly Hills, about 26% of the total population is Iranian Jewish, making it the city’s largest religious community. There are so many people of Iranian-Persian descent living around Los Angeles that the city is often referred to as Tehrangeles by those in the community. Iranian is a nationality; Persian is considered an ethnicity.

Laughing stock Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Laughing stock - Movie Review Example This essay is a response on the performance of the â€Å"Laughing stock† play. Laughing stock, directed by Charles Morey, is an energetic backstage farce and affectionate view into the world of theatre with an appealing story about the bonds that form among actors at a minor, underfunded summer stock theatre. This play is about a group, which is trying to accomplish a certain goal against all odds. In the play, Business manager, Craig, is amazed with the high rise in number of pencils the actors are using. The technical director, Henry, is establishing sets, lighting and special effects for three shows without a budget while the funny and softhearted stage manager, Sarah, is a reality check when things get out of control (Bannon, 2012). In the acting company, there was Ditzy Mary, who is not bright and Tyler who wants venture into Dracula and wonders what it means by being Undead. Vernon always has a comment about everything while Richfield who is always absent minded and cannot remember the names of the characters in â€Å"Dracule, The Prince of the Undead† and keeps forgetting the props. Jack who is young, talented and hardworking is ready to abandon theater for law school while Daisy is knitting at the backstage and wishing everyone well on their opening. Braun, neophyte actor and prop master, forgets which play he is involved in and loses Yorick’s skull for â€Å"Hamlet† (Bannon, 2012). The actors’ performance was perfect, and the audience really enjoyed it as they laughed their hearts out. The whole audience was keen and attentive, and this proves that the play was interesting and entertaining throughout the whole session. The whole audience clearly heard and understood the actors who were energetic in the presentation of the play. The play was delivered in a professional manner including the way the actors utilized the stage in their movements. The standing ovation they kept receiving from the audience, further encouraged

Synothic Problem Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Synothic Problem - Research Paper Example In the New Testament, one can find 4 Gospels, Acts, 21 Epistles, and the book of Revelation.2 This paper will focus on the four gospels. These gospels are the written by Jesus’ apostles: Matthew, Mark, Luke and John. However, among the four, the gospel according to John has a different chronology, pattern and wording. This is unlike the other 3 remaining gospels. The gospels according to Matthew, Mark and Luke are also known as the Synoptic Gospels. What is the meaning of the Synoptic? The dictionary meaning of the word is â€Å"presenting or taking the same or common view, specifically often relating to the first three Gospels of the New Testament.†3 It is quite redundant that the term synoptic gospels are being used with reference to the gospels of Matthew, Mark and Luke when just by the term synoptic one can already refer to the gospels. The 3 gospels have a sense of parallelism with regard to structure, language, chronology, and even some points of arguments.4 â€Å"The problem of the relationship between the three ‘Synoptic Gospels’ (Mt., Mk., Lk.) posed by the amount of subject matter which they share and the many similarities in wording and order. In modern times most scholars have held (1). that Mk. was the earliest of the Synoptic Gospels and that it was used as a source by Mt. and Lk., and (2). that for the non-Marcan material common to Mt. and Lk., their authors drew independently on a lost common source (or sources) known as ‘Q’ (q.v.). This ‘two-document hypothesis’ (that Mt. and Lk. are based on Mk. and ‘Q’) was developed mainly in Germany in the 19th cent., was given classic expression by B. H. Streeter, and came to be almost universally accepted. In the second half of the 20th century, a few scholars challenged the priority of Mk. and several denied the existence of ‘Q’.†5 When analyzing this statement by Livingstone, the term â€Å"problem† being used is actually not much of a problem. It is more of a clarification of the

International Sales of Goods by Sea Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

International Sales of Goods by Sea - Essay Example This is to ensure that no material losses occur to the goods during transit. The liability of the seller under CIF is larger than under FOB, in that, the responsibility of the goods, vests with the seller until it is loaded onboard the ship. In other words, the liability is not restricted until it is entrusted to the carrier, but remains intact until the shipments are aboard the ship. Any losses that occur during the intervening period would fall upon the seller, and not anybody else. Thus, the Academy could initiate action against Llodd’s in respect of the books having missing pages. Under Section 14 (2) (a) of Sale of Goods Act, it is seen that â€Å"where a seller sells goods in the course of a business, there is an implied term that the goods supplied under the contract are of satisfactory quality. It provides that goods are of satisfactory quality if they meet the standard that a reasonable person would regard as satisfactory, taking account of any description of the goods, the price (if relevant) and all the other relevant circumstances. Again, under Section 13 of the Sale of Goods Act, sale of goods by description, it is incumbent on the part of the seller to ensure that the goods match the description; otherwise the buyer is at liberty to repudiate the treaty, and /or claim damages for compensatory damages. (Sale of Goods Act 1979). Again under the provisions of Section 11 of the Sale of Goods Act 1979, it is seen that when a contract of sale is incumbent upon certain conditionality to be fulfilled by the seller, especially in a CIF contract, the buyer has the options either to excuse the conditions or may elect to treat the breach of condition, as a breach of warranty, which may not be cause for action of cancelling the contract. There may be certain aspects surrounding the case that could suggest whether the requirement could be treated as a condition precedent, in which case the buyer could elect to cancel the contract or, in cases,

How Far Kim Is An Indian English Literature Essay

How Far Kim Is An Indian English Literature Essay Kim is a fine artistic creation written by Rudyard Kipling. It has a strong impact on the readers mind that gives a strong sense of spirit for adventurous journey, whereby the two main characters are on the way for searching their respective goals. Kim wants to find his fortune where as Tahsoo Lama wants to discover a certain river of arrow. All the characters in the novel, are part of Great Game. For Mahbub Ali, Hari Babu, Creighton Sahib it means a spy game, a political one i.e. a part of British imperial system. For Tashoo Lama it is a wheel of life, wheel of things in its spiritual and philosophical meanings. For Kim it is a fulfillment of his personal curious desire and nature. Throughout the novel Kim faces a problem of his identity. The problem arises due to his identification with different identities, cultures and ideologies. We are informed that he is a white born orphan who wears some charmings in his neck which are his only heritage to prove him British. His indigenious characteristics place him with Indians. He is brought up in Lahore by a poor half-caste Hindu woman. Our point of study here is to see to what extent he is an Indian? Kipling is determined him to be a white, a British. In the very first page of the novel he says : Though he was burned black as any native; though he spoke the vernacular by preference and his mother tongue in a clipped uncertain sing-song, though he consorted on terms of perfect equality with the small boys of the bazaar; Kim was white a poor white of the very poorest.[Chap.-1] Thus in this way he has denounced absolutely all the cultural and social elements which make a man and give him identity. To prove him British, is to isolate him. The birth and the parents do not create the identity only. It is designed by society and culture, and his interactions in it. Most necessarily Kipling introduces Kim with Indianness, Indian objects, Indian ideas, and thinking. He is grown up in the society of Lahore city. He lives the wild life of Arabian Nights and he is able to see the beauty of it. He discards English style of remaining alienated from commonness. It is his nativity which separates him from his ancestors. Kims society includes Abdullah, Mahbub Ali, the Muslims; Chote Lal, the Hindu; the fakirs; the small boy of bazaar; the native policeman; water carrier; Jawahir Singh the carpenter. He is not different from all these members of Lahore city society. He is looked after by a half-caste Hindu woman who wished that he should wear the European garments but Kim found it easier to slip into Hindu or Mohammedan garb[Chap.-1] In company of his native friends he is at ease. He knows their language and all castes. It is his society in which he grows up learning the very native knowledge of it. Often natives are defined with their characteristics like simplicity, down to earth, knowledge which comes out of every day practical life, curiosity, excitement, innocence. Kim has all these qualities. He is very curious to know about the new things. He behaves in native manner and the wisdom he shows is more Indian. He quotes the proverbs which maintains deep understanding, knowledge and life long experience. If we consider Kim a monolithic character he is less Indian than British. But he is not a universal white man because he hates missionaries, he prefers vernacular and he is always able to attain sympathy from others. He hates going school where the classrooms are gloomy for him. He lives his life among street boys begging for food, which he can surely attain accepting the white society. He wants to live a free life as do the Indians, so he remains away from missionaries or any white person who can take possession over him, in order not to indulge in unadventurous life of routine and seriousness. He is born white Christian and he is well conscious of it but it bothers him to enter again in white society. He entertains his life with Indians without any limitation. He is happy in living with them and treats them equal to him though his nature is to take over anybody is only due to his highly experienced and open-minded out spoken personality. Contrary to it,the Britishers know nothing of India. He has adventures there and every secret activity attracts him. So he is shown always interested in moving in streets in dark, climbing high on the roof of houses to explore somewhat of his interest. The darkness and his colour black both are associated with the Indians by the Britishers in context of India.He knows Indian sensibility because he has lived with them.His alliance with Mahbub Ali started only with his need of food and his curious nature leads him to new experiences. He has nothing to do with Britishers and with their game. He is appears as a secular personality. He says to Mahbub Ali that he is neither Muslim nor he is Hindu even he does not say that he is chrisitan. He may criticize a Lama or a Hindu but he never claims his views about religion. When he is introduced to Catholicism he sees it a new set of Gods and Godlings [Chap.-7].Even the idea of being a Sahib or a White vexes him.He says to Lama-Thou hast said there is neither black nor white.Why plague me with this talk?'[Chap.-15]. He is alien to a British and has framed himself in Indian style. Indianness has ripen in him and if we want too see Britishness in him we can see only reflections of it. He gives the characters but more the readers to feel at home in their native environment. His wisdom is common with the priests in village who take possession of the minds of all villagers. He is confined to India. If he would have another identity or from another place this could not have happened. There would be some connections from outside. He is responding to both Indians as well as English in a way which may suit them but he takes no responsibility of it. Typically he belongs to the class of people in India who had firm faith in appropriateness of British rule over India, whose ideas are inspired by west but actions limited to their own cultural environment The relationship between Lama and Kim is also a typical Indian relation between Guru and Shishya.He is a chela, not a disciple of Lama. Kim insists on his being chela. He says to Lama I am your chela. Am I not?Am I not your chela? Kiplings use of words contextualize him in certain periphery. The symbolicism also suggests the Indianness in Kim. How can a man follow the way or the great game when he is so always pestered by women?, he says. The way or the great game symbolize the sacred path to reach the ultimate truth. The words cannot be taken only for spy game. Kipling says that Kim thought in the vernacular on this occasion.And this is possible only by his relation with Lama and his Indian roots, which made him able to think spiritually. He loves the country. Mahbub asks him And who are thy people friend of all the world? Kim replies This great and beautiful land. The orality of characters and speeches connects the story, the character and even the author to the land upon which it does perform itself. The proverbs must come out from that specific place to which the user belong and its user must have also the wide sense and understanding for using it. It is not a days work and he who knows it and uses is more of that place than other. Kim uses the proverbs and language splendidly. The significant thing is that the proverbs, have their particular tone and sense that they are not found in another languages. They are more Indian than any other things in the novel can be. The colloquial speeches also gives it an Indian colour. Orality and meaning of dialogue both are performative and context bound, and moves away from European styles and influences. These are situated outside the European or English perfiery. It has its own Indian social space. Language which is given to Kim by Kipling is Indian in meaning and context. The language of English priests, Lurgan Sahib and Creighton sahib is different from that of Kim. Kims language is hybridization of English, Hindi and Urdu. There we can clearly see the dominance of pure English over the English mixed with vernacular hence two different levels are created and Kim is attributed lower one i.e. more identified with Indians, specially at that time. The language teaches about ones status and identity. English priests sends him for learning English means that so far he is not an English. He has learned and accepted Indian culture and values. His acception of guru-chela relationship with Lama and his treatment of a sick boy at Banaras are the best example of it. He thinks in Hindi (Hindustani), in the tongue he knows best as the writer says[Chap.6]. It means that primarily he is Hindustani than it does not matter what other language he speaks.His use of Urdu and Hindi language maintains Indianness in him. He is a local legend. If Kim can use aurhoritative language then it does not mean that he is Britisher because it can be practiced by any other Indian also. Being a part of Great Game also does not identify him with Creighton or Lurgam Sahib. If it is the case then what you will say about Hari Babu who is a part of Great Game and speaks English Kim has split consciousness of being both an Indian and a British. His frequent desire for companionship of Lama and the road, his disinterestedness in being a Sahib, and going to school are the strong example of his re-assertion of native cultural identity. His identity can be constructed only in according to his socio-political economic binaries under in which he lived. Kims blackness is first point which separates him from Britishers. Socially he is a part of Indian world. Kim in his early childhood is given to a full grown manliness. Perhaps it will not be wrong to say that he seems to be character of authors imagination, not from the real world. But, what the reality is, that he is offspring of Indian soil. He is moulded in Indian form. He is formed by Indian society and culture not by English. He inherited his body from white parents but it is laid upon circumstances what will happen to his body in future. He enjoys his position well in his society but he is also a person who looks for future. His father had prophesized for his future and he sets himself to go for the search of his future. He is a native hero who is on his mission for making a better life. So he, joins the Madrissah though it is not of his test. There he will be a Sahib but to be a Sahib is not his dream. He thinks that after his schooling he will be more able to play his adventures. Being left by Hari at Rani Sahibas house he feels that he is out of game, the game of adventure. He cant bear it and leaves the house. He knows his birth and in playing games he uses this white racial birth in a political use. It is only a impression on native Indians but he presents himself in his native garbs so to not differentiate with them. His continuous search to find an answer of who is Kim? at last results in humanistic approach that he is only a Kim not a Sahib or a English imperialist one. He is self-centered Indian in his pursuit of joy and adventurous life. Creighton, Burton and Bennett are the part of White world. They cannot part themselves from it. Only after confirmation of Kims white origin they are ready to adopt him. The evidences of this white origin are only his fathers clearance certificate and a note.If Kim had not these proofs he had to remain only an ordinary Indian. Then his colour black, vernacular tongue, his habits, his outward presentation would construct his identity. Thus, language and culture supersedes over race and ethnicity. From Lama he learns myths of Buddha and makes it own objective to search for river. -Oah it was made by our lord Buddha à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. I am his disciple and we must find that riverà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ it is so veree valuable to us.[Chap-5] His joys are the broad land and fields he felt,were a cog-wheel unconnected with any machinery.But I shall argue that he is not an absolute Indian.He knows his British origin but frequently he neglects to be a British.He is conscious of his high birth and goes with Lama only for his own search for red bull. He shows his European egoism, tries to take over everybody. To his native friends, also to Britishers he is a White and superior to all other Indians. Kim hates them Bennett thinks that once a Sahib is always a Sahib; but he avoids Sahibs and Madrissah. To him, for a moment, he may be Sahib but no longer he wants to remain a Sahib. He has crossed all the whites who want war, rule etc. and thinks them fools and wants to see new things. Lama says But no white man knows the land and the customs of the land as thou knowest. Writer seems to make him an Indian without loosing any Whiteness / Britishness in him. There is a White boy by the barracks waiting under a tree who is not a White boyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. He is not like other boys'[Chap-6]. It is the Madrissah where his one identity replaces another. By teaching and learning identities are created. It is Madrissah where a second type of learning starts. Kim says In Madrissah I will learn. In Madrissah I will be a Sahib. In Madrissah for the rest of the day Kim found himself an object of distinguished consideration among a few hundred white men.[Chap-6] Madrissaha becomes the distinguishing point. Mahbub and Creighton Sahib fears that being long in madrissah he can loose his original personality. It is madrissah where the process of making him a Sahib starts. After his discovery of red bull and confrontation with officers he still, is not ready to accept himself a Sahib. He writes to Mahbub Ali By means of charm about my neck. It was established that I was the son of some Sahib in regiment.[Chap-6] A priest gave me a new name and clothed meà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Later he says to himself à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ and I am a Sahib. No I am Kim. This is great world and I am only Kim. Who is Kim?[Chap-6] Here Kim seems to establish his identity beyond the Sahib/White world. He knows the world is great. He asserts himself Kim of any place. He is the man of all the world who does not create distances and differences. After all he can not be said as a whole (full) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.Indian nor he can be a English because his parents were Irish and author gives stress upon his Irishness when he says his mother has been Irish too. He is a great synthesis of the East and the West. British and India.He comes out from madrissah in form of British agent. He can no longer remain an Indian. He becomes a hybrid of heterogenigenious elements, Indian and English, high and low. The hybridity and heterogentiy glitters but further it can produce nothing. Kim also leaves us in state of puzzlement. He does not give any idea to whither he moves. He himself can not solve himself that who is Kim? He leaves Rani Sahibas house in meditation. The words struck to his ear I am Kim. I am Kim. But what is Kim? He cant find answer. Kipling also tries for a solution but he fails with his words Roads were meant to be walked upon, houses to be lived in, cattles to be driven fields to be tilled and men and women to be talked.[Chap-15]

Essay --

Everyone in the world can access the internet now. People can use different devices to access the internet now. Whether you are in China, Europe, Africa, or the United States, you have access to the internet in some way. I will be talking about the use of internet access around the world. Also, areas that do not have internet access or have low amount of access to the internet. I will also talk about bandwidths that are in some areas and what they are using being used for. The paper will start with a little history of how the internet first started and how it continues to develop. Next, will be the use of internet in the U.S. The way internet has been accessible in homes. Then, will be the use of broadband in the United States and other areas. After that, is the use of internet access in rural areas. Finally, Will be the use of access to the internet using devices. 2. BACKGROUND AND SIGNIFICANCE The first internet started about 50 years ago in the United States. It started out as a government weapon for researchers to use to share data and communicate with each other. During the 1950s, the Soviet Union lunched the first satellite that was made by man into orbit. The satellite was called Sputnik. The only thing it did was traveling around the earth sending radio transmissions. After that, American scientist decided to focus more on technology and science to further advance their technology. Different corporations decided to use their government funded money and place it in scientific research and development. Even the federal government used their own money to create NASA and ARPA (Advanced Research Project Agency) so that they can have a place to create more technology. During the 1960s, there was a computer scientist called J.... ...ation in those areas is low. The rural area lacks broadband more than urban areas because there are less people in rural areas. The number of people that lives without broadband is about 19 million, but there are 14.5 million people that live in rural areas, according to the FCC. Even if there is not much broadband service in those areas, rural and urban areas are slowly obtaining the service. Another reason why rural and urban areas lack broadband service is because of the cost to get the service in those areas. The cost will increase depending on how far the area. Companies knows that it will cost them large amounts of money to put broadband in rural areas even if there is a high demand for it. The lack of broadband service in certain areas can also affect the growth of the economy when someone is trying to find out how the economy has improved in the past years.

Managing Effective Labor Relations

MANAGING EFFECTIVE LABOR EMPLOYEE RELATIONS Abstract Labor relations refer to the relationship between corporate management and the unionized workforce. Administering the best practices along with the current developments in labor relations is contingent on labor management relations. In addition, the legal framework for collective bargaining and negotiations need to be examined. Knowledge of the history of the relationship between labor unions and management is fundamental in effective labor relations management today. What is a labor union?A labor union is a group of employees, who are organized by the specific job that they do. They come together to form units that bargain with their employer regarding working issues and conditions. Union workers are referred to as â€Å"blue-collar workers† because the majority of people who hold that job specification are also union members. The majority of union members work in the public sector. These are jobs where the funding source c an be national, state, or local. These types of jobs include: postal service jobs, teachers and police officers.Jobs in the private sector have no involvement with the government and are run by private citizens or groups. These types of jobs could be found in: restaurants, retail, or corporations. There are many more union members in the public sector than the private sector. Just under half of all employees in the federal, state, and local government are union members. Public school teachers, police, and firefighters hold the highest number of union workers in the local government. The second largest groups on the list of union members are protective service workers in private industry.In the private sector, union members make up about a quarter of the size of the public sector, in transportation and utility positions. Other major private industries with above-average union membership percentages are construction and manufacturing, where in each case thirteen percent of the employe es are in unions (Sloane & Witney, 2011). All union members have legal workplace rights that must be respected by their employers. Some rights are provided by federal or state statutes, hile others are inherent in specific union-employer agreements. If a union member feels that his rights have been infringed, in addition to taking legal action, charges can also be filed against employers through the National Labor Relations Board for violation of collective bargaining agreements. The NLRB is responsible for the prevention and resolving of unfair labor practices under the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA). They also guarantee the rights of employees to organize and bargain collectively with their employers.Another feature that union members have that non-union members don’t is a grievance procedure. This is an official complaint from the union member when they believe their contractual rights have been violated. The steps of the grievance procedure are outlined in the co llective bargaining agreement. Collective bargaining is the process whereby unions and management negotiate and administer labor agreements (Sloane & Witney, 2011). Labor union officials enjoy many special powers and immunities that were created by legislatures and the courts.Union officials claim to rely on the support of members of a political organization of workers who are exclusive of their leadership. In â€Å"Special Privileges†, (2010), the following list of special privileges reveals the rights union members have in their favor: Privilege #1:| Exemption from anti-monopoly laws. The Clayton Act of 1914 exempts unions from anti-monopoly laws, enabling union officials to forcibly drive out independent or alternative employee bargaining groups. Privilege #2:| Power to force employees to accept unwanted union representation. Monopoly bargaining, or â€Å"exclusive representation,† which is embedded in most of the country’s labor relations statutes, enabl es union officials to act as the exclusive bargaining agents of all employees at a unionized workplace, thereby depriving employees of the right to make their own employment contracts. | Privilege #3:| Power to collect forced union dues. Unlike other private organizations, unions can compel individuals to support them financially.In 27 states under the NLRA (those that have not passed Right to Work laws), all states under the RLA, on â€Å"exclusive federal enclaves,† and in many states under public sector labor relations acts, employees may be forced to pay union dues as a condition of employment, even if they reject union affiliation. | Privilege #4:| Unlimited, undisclosed electioneering. The Federal Election Campaign Act exempts unions from its limits on campaign contributions and expenditures, as well as some of its reporting requirements.Union bigwigs can spend unlimited amounts on communications to members and their families in support of, or opposition to, candidates for federal office, and they need not report these expenditures if they successfully claim that union publications are primarily devoted to other subjects. | Privilege #5:| Ability to strong-arm employers into negotiations. Unlike all other parties in the economic marketplace, union officials can compel employers to bargain with them.The NLRA, FLRA, and RLA make it illegal for employers to resist a union’s collective bargaining efforts and difficult for them to counter aggressive and deceptive campaigns waged by union organizers. | Privilege #6:| Right to trespass on an employer’s private property. The Norris-LaGuardia Act of 1932 (and state anti-injunction acts) give union activists immunity from injunctions against trespass on an employer’s property. | Privilege #7:| Ability of strikers to keep jobs despite refusing to work. Unlike other employees, unionized employees in the private sector have the right to strike; that is, to refuse to work while keeping thei r job.In some cases, it is illegal for employers to hire replacement workers, even to avert bankruptcy. | As you can see, the privileges of the union may seem unfair to non-union members. This can create a lot of mixed emotions and tension in the workplace. Although the rate of unionization has declined, its effects on the workplace are still existent. When you are non-union, it’s understandable to be complacent about union issues. Non-union employers must be aware of a number of other policy and practices that can lead to allegations of unfair-labor practices against them.To uphold a fair work environment, management looks to form new relationships between both non-union and union members. In order to prepare for issues that may occur between both parties, it is the company’s responsibility to be fully informed and aware of union laws and precedents. The focus of the traditional law of unions makes up the major part of the labor law. It is based on workers collectivel y and their rights as a group. It is different from employment law which focuses more on issues relating to the rights of individual employees.The body of law of which labor law is comprised is significant for the importance of the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA). The NLRA is codified at 29 U. S. C.  §Ã‚ § 151-169 and purports to serve the national interest of the United States regarding labor relations within the country (Cornell, n. d. ). When periods of widespread strikes occur, uneasy relations can very quickly and severely have an adverse effect on the entire country. A clear policy regarding labor and management encourages the best interests of the employer, which is to maintain full trade and industry production.It is essential to maintain peace in the workplace not just between employees, but employers as well. The NLRA attempts to limit industrial conflict among employers, employees, and labor organizations since the friction could affect full production which can the n result in a series of even bigger problems. Unfair labor practices Union or not, when someone is treated unfairly at work, it can destroy morale. Sometimes the unfair treatment is done accidentally, but most of the time, the unfair treatment is a very deliberate act on the part of the management.In some cases, the unfair treatment can actually be illegal. What is always true is that unfair treatment at work makes more problems than it solves, breeds animosity and distrust among employees, and creates an extremely uncomfortable work environment (Thorpe, 2008). These practices are referred to as unfair labor practices and have been singled out for their potential to harm the general welfare of employees. Through the NLRA, employees are guaranteed the right to organize and to bargain collectively with their employers through representatives of their own choosing.If they choose not to exercise these rights, they are also guaranteed the right to refrain from them. The NLRA establishes a procedure by which employees can exercise their choice whether or not to join a union in a secret-ballot election conducted by the National Labor Relations Board. When and at whose discretion a secret-ballot election may be exercised as opposed to other election procedures is currently a matter of contention between employers and labor groups (Cornell, n. d. ). For those who belong to a union, they have some protection against unfair treatment at work.Union members have the right to work free of the pressures of unfair labor practices, as defined by the NLRA. Members also have the right to file claims regarding unfair labor practices with the NLRB. According to union-organizing. com, examples of unfair labor practices include: coercion to join or refrain from joining a union; threats to close facilities in retaliation for union activities; bribes directed at employees for any reason; personal inquiries concerning union sympathies; refusal to consider grievances (Ingram, 1999).Unio ns and the United States Labor movement have continued their historic decline in terms of membership and density, in today’s economy. Unions have emerged from a period of economic growth and prosperity to becoming smaller and weaker. Having missed an incredible opportunity to grow in a time of prosperity, labor must now figure out how to build numbers and strength in face of economic uncertainty, a Republican President, war, budget deficits, public service cuts and the continued exporting of union manufacturing jobs (Lerners, 2002).The unions of the United States have huge resources: millions of members, billions of dollars in dues, and hundreds of billions in pension capital, as well as political power and the leverage of collective bargaining. These resources offer the potential and the opportunity to organize millions of workers and rebuild the labor movement. The AFL-CIO has documented that the US economy is growing away from the labor movement, growing fastest where unio ns are weakest, where only one out of ten new jobs is union. Private sector unions are losing density in the traditional unionized sectors of the economy (Lerners, 2002).The weakness of labor unions is becoming increasingly evident in the low statistics in most sectors. Supporters of union workers can see in those same numbers the potential for huge growth, with millions of non-union workers coming into those sectors. In general, it is legal for employers to try to persuade employees not to unionize. However, it is illegal for a company to attempt to prevent employees from unionizing by promises of violence, threats or other intimidating actions. It is also illegal for unions to use lies or threats of violence to intimidate employees into joining a union (Silverman, n. . ). Opponents of unions believe that labor unions are bad for business. They feel that labor unions have too much power for their size. They also feel that labor unions use this power as blackmail against companies, by causing labor monopolies. Some feel that they ask too much of companies, causing either the company to shut down, or to supply more money for their employees. Union members are generally Democratic, and are certain that Republicans believe that labor unions lead to recession because they cause wages to go up, and that causes prices to go up, which leads to lower production.For many business managers and owners who are striving to keep their firms strong in a competitive marketplace, the thought of a labor union entering the workplace and organizing the employees can be a source of headache (Hall, 1999). Although employers cannot prevent unions, they can take steps to make unionization less attractive to their non-union employees. According to some human resource professionals, the best defense against union organizing may be a good offense (Lerners, 2012).This can be obtained in a non-aggressive manner such as managers having an â€Å"open-door† policy with their subordina tes and answering any questions and concerns they may have. Human resources play a big role also, since they handle the employee benefits and relations. Keeping a good working relationship will promote effective communication, thus reducing the risk of unhappy employees who may seek to unionize. WHY DO EMPLOYEES JOIN UNIONS? 1. Failed to keep up with job rate and benefit package. 2. Rule by fear. 3. Win/Lose Philosophy of labor relations. 4. Favoritism. 5. Little, if any, personal recognition. . Lack of fair and firm discipline. 7. No input into any decision-making. 8. No career advancement available. 9. Little job security. 10. No complaint procedure, no support by employees for complaint procedure. 11. Failure to have personnel policies and benefits in writing. 12. Lack of recognition for length of service. http://www. d. umn. edu/umdhr/Policies/grievance. html In the work place, union members have the benefit of negotiating with their employer as a group. This basic right gives t hem much more power than if they were to negotiate individually, as non-union employees do.On average, union employees make 27 percent more than non-union workers and ninety-two percent of union workers have job-related health coverage versus 68 percent for non-union workers (Silverman, n. d. ). Union workers also have a great advantage over non-union workers in securing their pensions. Through their collective bargaining agreements and the grievance and arbitration processes, unions help to protect their employees from unjust dismissal. As a result, most union employees cannot be fired without â€Å"just cause,† unlike many non-union employees who can be fired at any time and for almost any reason.The use of the term â€Å"union steward† is not universal. It is, however, the most common designation given to a representative of the union whose role is to represent employees in a certain work area (Sloane & Witney, 2011). Stewards or union representatives are select ed by the union. Some unions elect their stewards while others are appointed by the union officers. No matter how they are selected, the union notifies the company of the employees who are stewards for specific work areas.Due to the size or location of the departments, they may have several stewards while other departments may have one steward who is responsible for several departments. Whatever the case, the union internally determines this and notifies accordingly. The supervisor does not have a role in the selection of the steward. Stewards are persons who are responsible to the union for performing many functions. The steward represents employees in the bargaining unit and can also recruits new members, handle communications between the union and management, and interpret the contract to employees. Most importantly, they represent the union.Supervisors should recognize and respect the steward's role. If a supervisor thinks that a steward is not successfully doing his or her job as a steward, it is not the responsibility of the supervisor to give any advice or make recommendations. The supervisor must remember that the steward is a company employee. Essentially, the steward is chosen because he or she is the most competent to represent the employees. However, it is important, that the supervisor accept the steward in good faith. It is the company’s obligation to give stewards the sincere and careful consideration to which they and the employees they represent are entitled.It is crucial that the supervisor and the steward develop a good working relationship. If both individuals can recognize their respective roles, they can form an understanding. In other words, the steward can be a friend or an enemy. As in any working relationship, time and experience will define it. A supervisor who treats a steward fairly will most likely receive fair treatment and respect from the steward. Another powerful union tool is the strike. A strike is when a group of wor kers stops working in protest to labor conditions or as a bargaining tool during negotiations between labor and management.This may not always be the most effective plan of action, but the law entitles union members the right to strike when they feel that it is necessary. Employers fear the possibility of a strike since production stops while the strike is in effect. Strikes can last anywhere from hours to weeks and the longer they continue, the more disastrous they can become for the company. While labor unions are not as prominent today as they were in the past, they still play a vital role in protecting and representing America’s workforce.As the supervisor in a union environment, the most critical relationship in a working environment is the one between employees and their immediate supervisor. To the employee, the immediate supervisor becomes the â€Å"face† of that jurisdiction's management (Karon, 2010). The responsibilities that management represents are critic al to the successful supervisory interface with employees. In a union environment, a third party (the bargaining unit) would be put into this relationship. The membership of a workforce that is represented by a union are called a bargaining unit.Employees can choose to join the union or refrain from joining; nevertheless, all are subject to the working conditions or agreement agreed to by the jurisdiction and the union (Karon, 2010). Although negotiations of these agreements can take a while to establish, the critical aspect of the process is in the administration of that contract. The supervisor is the key link in a relationship between labor and management. Each supervisor has a responsibility to ensure that the labor agreement is enforced. As a result, many supervisors will be involved in the mandated grievance process.Because supervisors generally know more about the employee than top management does, there are additional burdens placed on these supervisors. To the average emplo yee, the supervisor is management. Due to this, a supervisor must understand his or her role and responsibilities in the organization that he or she represents. Most important is the supervisor's ability to get along with employees. While close personal involvement with employees is frowned upon, the supervisor should be friendly and concerned about the welfare of those that he or she supervises at work.When a person is appointed to a supervisory position, they must realize the fine line in relationships between themselves and their employees. Providing an environment where all employees are comfortable, while remaining pro-active with full awareness of policies that apply to either union or non-union members, or both. By remaining approachable and understanding, employees will be more open to discussing concerns, thus reducing the urge to join the union for increased benefits. The introduction of the labor agreement adds a new dimension to the multi-faceted role of the supervisor.T he institution of a grievance procedure in addition to the presentation of the union representative and steward or union official, makes it even more critical for supervisors to understand that to accept the responsibility of a supervisory position means supporting and advocating management's position (Karon, 2010). The supervisor who cannot support supervisory and management in a policy does a disservice to everyone at the company. For this reason, supervisory training should be heightened to guarantee that they respond properly whenever allegations of contract violations have occurred.Enforcing company policies as well as obeying the collective bargaining agreement does not take the supervisor’s right to their own opinions away. In fact, it is the responsibility of the supervisor to pass their opinions on to other levels of management and communicate results to other employees. Since the supervisor has the most contact with the employees, it is usually the supervisor who be comes the â€Å"middleman† when disputes arise. For this reason, good communication skills and understanding the importance of the supervisor's role in your organization is essential to the success of every supervisor.Employers that have become somewhat complacent with respect to union organizing must become more active in reviewing their human resource policies and practices. Some may be surprised to find out their companies are unionized, or have union members affiliated. Often times, organizations have standard accustomed rules that their members follow. These may have been established â€Å"through the grapevine† or accepted as common knowledge. To ensure compliance with the work rules, manuals and handbooks should be reviewed regularly to evaluate whether they do or do not violate the NLRA.Furthermore, there are many resources within the administration of a company that can be employed. These include human resource programs, policies, and procedures that are infre quently utilized, as well as complaint procedures and establishing an open-door policy. Policies that require employees to first bring complaints to their immediate supervisors should also be thoroughly reviewed to verify that both union and non-union issues are handled properly. Being a supervisor is not an easy task.The supervisor is entrusted with accomplishing the work of his or her unit through the efforts of their employees within that unit. Keeping the employees informed of what their jobs are and how they are to accomplish their tasks are just a small part of the supervisor's overall responsibilities. Administering standards and expectations, developing methods to motivate and increase productivity, and ensuring compliance to all policies through open communication with all employees will promote effective labor relations within the company.Running head: MANAGING EFFECTIVE LABOR EMPLOYEE RELATIONSReferences Cabot, S. (1997). â€Å"How to avoid a union† Retrieved from: https://www. nlrb. gov/national-labor-relations-act Hall, S. (1999). How to stop union organizing. Retrieved from: http://www. ehow. com/how_7986074_stop-union-organizing. html Ingrim, D. (1999). â€Å"Union members’ rights†. Retrieved from: http://money. howstuffworks. com/labor-union5. htm Karon, J. (2010). â€Å"Discipline and Grievance†. Retrieved from: http://www. d. umn. edu/umdhr/Policies/grievance. html Lerners, S. (2002). Labor Notes â€Å"Three steps to reorganizing and rebuilding the labor movement†. Retrieved from: http://labornotes. org/node/575 â€Å"Big Labor’s Special Privileges† (n. d. ). Retrieved from: http://www. nrtw. org/d/big_labor_special_privileges. htm Sloan, A. & Witney, F. (2011). Labor Relations, 13th Edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Learning Solutions. Thorpe, J. (2008). Employment Law: Unfair treatment at work. Retrieved from: http://www. helium. com/items/801741-employment-law-unfair-treatment-at- work | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |